HENDERSON FAMILY HISTORY

Henderson Family

 The Henderson Family Group is very large. You could write and write on Henderson. I only did our family. 

There are 414,404 Henderson’s in the Database

From the year before 1240 to the year 1320 the Henderson name came from the Henryson Clan. In the year 1320 they changed the name by naming Robert Henderson V. 

The year 1320 the name Henderson started and is used today 2020. The Henryson name is still in use today, but in 1320 was OUR part of the Family. An Overview of The Henderson History

MacEanruig, proud sons of Henry…the HENDERSON’s, descendants of a King of the Picts. We are a noble collection of five family bloodlines that took hold in Caithness, Glencoe, Fordell, and Liddesdale–by way of the Shetlands and Ulster. Our ancestors are as old a family as any clan in the Highlands.

In the early 16th century young Henry Gunn decided to separate himself from the constant fighting between the Gunn and Keith clans and his descendants emerged as the Henderson’s of Caithness.

The Clan Henderson 

It was James Henderson, a former Lord Advocate of Scotland, for whom the lands of Fordell were erected into a barony in 1511. The Fordell Henderson’s are the line from which our current Chief of the Name and Arms of Henderson, Dr. Alistair D. Henderson, is descended.

 

                           

 

 

                       Fordell Castle   Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

In the Shetland’s, in 1582, the King of Denmark gave the patronymic Henryson to all subsequent generations of William Magnusson. By the 17th century, many of Shetland’s Henderson’s migrated to the border regions of Liddesdale and later, evidence suggests that large numbers went on to Ulster and then beyond.

At the time of the Massacre of Glencoe, in 1692, our Gaelic-speaking ancestors served the MacDonald Chief  (Mac Ian) as the traditional pipers of his Clan.  Of 38 men, women and children killed that fateful morning, 22 were Henderson’s.

Henderson Diaspora

(Diaspora: a group of people who live outside the area in which they had lived for a long time or in which their ancestors lived)

Why Henderson’s Left Scotland

 

There is a great book entitled “How the Scots invented the Modern World”, by Arthur Herman.  In the book, Herman talks of how Scots fanned out across the globe and were hugely influential in shaping the Modern, western world we know today.  As Herman postulates the true story of the Scots is “How Western Europe’s Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything In It.”

We Henderson’s are one of the Highland’s oldest clans.  Our ancestors, the MacEanruig, have roots dating back to Pictish Kings.  With this pedigree, we have to ask, why were Scots, and especially our Henderson ancestors, leaving Scotland?

  First and foremost, in 1700, before unification with England, Scotland was the poorest INDEPENDENT country in Europe.  Abject poverty, high unemployment and little hope for improving one’s future were key instigators in the great migration that has created the Scottish Diaspora of today.

 

  As Scots began to look for a chance to improve their circumstances, some of the first to leave were Henderson immigrants, who came from the Highlands of Scotland, specifically the regions of Caithness and Glencoe.  Later, a great many Henderson’s left from the Scottish Lowlands, and the border counties between Scotland and England.  Henderson emigrated to North and South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.  The initial waves of immigrants often included a stopover of several decades in Northern Ireland, as part of an English exportation of citizens program called the Ulster Plantations.  Again, Henderson’s were involved in all these phases of history.

 

 

     But leaving Scotland was no simple matter for our Henderson ancestors.  The sea journey across the Atlantic was a fearsome ordeal. The trip typically took one to two months, sometimes longer. The ships that carried them were crowded and cleanliness, hygiene, and decent living quarters were luxuries not afforded the common people. Hunger, thirst, boredom, anxiety, fear, sickness and, all too often, death were frequent occurrences. Children were especially vulnerable to shipboard illnesses.   The food was terrible and conditions on board the ships of the day were wet and miserable.  To add to these miseries, scarcely a day went by without a fight or a robbery among the crew and passengers.

  So, again, the question: why did they come? The answer lies in the politics of England and the economy of Scotland. During the early 17th century, Scotland and Northern Ireland were plagued with weak and unfavorable economic conditions. Rents escalated throughout the century resulting in dispossessions from the land. Wages were low, unemployment high, and commodities scarce. At the same time, new worlds had been discovered and opportunity arose beyond Scotland’s shores.

  For some of our Henderson ancestors, the trip to America gave them a religious opportunity to worship God as they desired. Our Scots-Irish and Lowland Henderson’s were Presbyterian while our Highland Henderson’s were a mixture; some Catholic, some Anglican (Church of Scotland), and some Covenanter Presbyterians.

   Scots were also valued for their military prowess and England’s empire expansion meant soldiers were in demand.  Unable to find other work, many Scots joined the ranks.  Their duties took them to far-off lands and many remained in the new colonies.

   Finally, great famines in the 18th and 19th centuries led to Scots seeking new lands and better chances for their families to survive.

 

  But whatever, their reasons for leaving, the fact is Scots can be found across the globe.  Here today, we honor those Scots who arrived on the shores of the American colonies. And, as we stand here today, honoring our Scottish Heritage, and as we look at it, we look at a beautiful, inspiring sculpture—reminding us of that heritage, I ask that we reflect on something else.  Not just the bronze effigies before us—which alone are a fine tribute to our ancestors.  But there is more.  There is a deep, strong vein running through us all, a vein so remarkable, so profound, so deeply rooted that it binds this bronze statue to our ancestors, and in turn, to those standing here today.  It forges us into one entity—a people of Scots heritage—a proud people—for ultimately, that is what we are honoring today—the binding flesh of Scots, past, present and future.  I close with another line from Arthur’s Herman’s book…. “If you want a true monument to the Scots…just look around you.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ulster Scot

What is an Ulster-Scot?

Ulster Scots is a term referring to those Scots who migrated to the northern province of Ireland (Ulster) beginning about 1605 during the ‘plantation scheme’.  The term is used primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland although sometimes in North America they are referred to as “Scotch-Irish” or Ulster-Irish.  All of these terms refer to those Lowland and Border Scots who settled in the northern counties of Ireland in the 17th century.To be sure, there were Scots in Ireland as early as the 1400’s, such as the McDonalds of County Antrim.  There was also a steady stream of highland Scots migrating to the north of Ireland in the early 1800s as a result of the “clearances” in Scotland.  But the bottom line, in modern times, is that anyone who migrated from Scotland to Ireland from about the 1400s onward, is usually referred to as an Ulster-Scot.

The Plantation Scheme.

For most of the 17th century (1605-1697) Scottish migration to Northern Ireland (Ulster) was part of a scheme organized by the British government.  During this period it is estimated that over 200,000 Lowland Scot crossed the North Channel to settle in Ulster.  Consisting predominantly of farmers (planters) this relocation of British subjects came to be called the “Plantation Scheme.”

The migration, termed the Plantation of Ulster, took part in two stages. The first stage was confined principally to the counties of Antrim and Down.  With the encouragement of the British Crown, this initiative was largely guided by Scottish fortune seekers and can be considered entirely a private, commercial venture, although the Crown’s support ensured cooperation and “encouragement.”  Lands of Irish rebels were seized and then subsequently settled by loyal subjects to the Crown.

The second stage was broader in scope.  It was a state venture fully conceived, planned and supervised by both the British and Irish governments.  This wave of the plantations included both Scot and English settlers, although Scots outnumbered the English 20:1.

The primary goal of this venture was to populate Northern Ireland with subjects loyal to the British Crown.  This goal was established deliberately to counterbalance the native Irish population.  Here the plan for land confiscation changed.  Rather than settling the Planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from convicted rebels, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import them from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of the land in Ulster and the ordinary Irish population was relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches. Equally important, Planters were also barred from selling their lands to any Irishman.

It should be noted that officials in Scotland (Scotland had its own government until 1707) were highly supportive of this English/Irish scheme, as many Scots, especially in the Lowlands and Borders regions lived in desperate poverty.  The desperate, hardscrabble condition of their lives forced many of these Scots to live a life of marauding and thievery.  So common was the practice, that thievery became its own occupation (Reivers).  The Plantation Scheme was seen as means of reducing the population trying to support families off the Scottish land; reducing crime in Scotland and the Borders—especially cattle stealing and bolstering loyalty to the British Crown in Ireland.

It should be noted that in addition to being given land, the loyalty of migrating Scots (remember, Scotland was its own nation, with distinct laws, customs and manners) was further ensured by a requirement to take an oath of loyalty to the British Crown as “Denizens” of Ireland—foreigners with the rights of Irish citizenship.  If a Scot wanted to become an English citizen, he had to obtain letters of support from ranking Englishmen, pay a fine and then take an oath of allegiance.

The “Plantation Scheme” changed the demography of Ireland by creating large communities with a British and Protestant identity. These communities replaced the older Catholic ruling class, which shared with the general population a common Irish identity and set of political attitudes.  The physical and economic nature of Irish society was also changed, as new concepts of ownership, trade and credit were introduced. These changes led to the creation of a Protestant ruling class,  which in turn secured the authority of the Crown government in Ireland during the 17th century.

The Great Migration from Ulster to America and Canada

The Great Migration from the north of Ireland (Ulster) began in 1717.  There had been some migration to the new World before this date but those instances were few and isolated.  Religious freedom was one reason people began fleeing but to a far greater degree economic hardship, resulting from unfavorable economic policies instituted from England and then fueled by drought led to the exodus.  Ultimately, approximately 250,000 Ulster-Scots/Irish sailed for America between 1717 and 1775.

So, what led to this?  The original rationale for the Plantation Scheme worked for most of the 1600s and Irish unrest was relatively low-key.  In fact, by the late 1690s, Northern Ireland was more prosperous than any other Irish province and many English counties, as well.  Conditions were fairly prosperous for most Ulster-Scots.  But the very success of the Ulster flax and wool industries was causing England to notice.  Ultimately, the English began to look at the economic success of Ulster as a threat and in 1698 English businessmen petitioned the King to “protect” their interests.

Pressured by the Crown, Irish parliament passed the Woolens act in 1698.  This act prohibited the exportation of Irish wool to anywhere but England and Wales.  The result for Ulster: an economic depression began to set in.

Soon, another hardship was imposed on the Ulster-Scots. In the early 1700’s a practice called “rack-renting” was made legal.  Rack-renting allowed a renter to raise the rents when leases expired.  Today, we consider this normal but in 17th and 18th century England/Ireland and Scotland this was a radical departure from tradition.  What had been common was to rent land for approximately 30 years and re-rent at the same rents, if the same farmers/family was in place. Under this practice, renters tended to keep the land well-maintained and often even made improvements—as they assumed they would continue to live there.  But the change demanded money and money—as a currency was scarce to come by.

The culminating event that led to the Great Migration was a severe, sustained drought that stretched from 1714-1719.  This obviously affected food crops but a greater impact was the harm done to wool and flax industries—the economic strength of Ulster. Insufficient grazing grass for sheep and a disease known as “the Rot” crippled farmers.  Additionally, religious restrictions imposed on the Presbyterian Ulster-Scots by the Church of England created further dissension. Meanwhile, stories from the American colonies spoke to a better life.

 

In 1717 mass migration began and continued almost unabated for nearly 60 years.  Initially, large numbers of Ulster Scots immigrated into Pennsylvania but by the mid 18th century many headed for the Virginia and North Carolina colonies.  To this day, these states display a remarkably rich Scots-Irish heritage.  Ultimately, the impact of this migration can be seen in the many contributions of Scots-Irish immigrants towards the building of our nation and its subsequent expansion and growth

Theirs was an impact that lasts to this day.

Notable people with MacEanruig (Henderson) in their blood include:

Note: MacEanruig is pronounced “Mac-IAN-Rick”

* A key player in the Presbyterian Reformation in Scotland

* Founders of two Scotch whiskey distilleries (Old Pulteney and Caol Ila)

* J.E.B Stuart, the Confederate Cavalryman

* A Lord Advocate of Scotland

* The longest serving Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps

* The first Governor of Texas

* Mark Twain

* A Chief Justice of the United States

* A Medal of Honor winner

The Reverend Billy Graham

This Henderson Family comes from the FORDELL BRANCH   (Fifeshire)

The Hendersons of Fordell Branch (Fifeshire)

In 1374, William Henrison, Sr., was chamberlain of Lochmaben Castle near the town of Lockerbie, to the east of Dumfries. Another Henderson name from the period was Henry the Minstrel (or Blind Harry, as he is sometimes called), perhaps the best known of all those wandering bards who recited the exploits of their countrymen in Gaelic and English. Through his poetry, he helped to broaden the stature and image of William Wallace from a statesman and military strategist into a folk hero.

In the fifteenth century, Edinburgh experienced new prosperity and the Lowlands transformed peace into commercial growth. From this stock came the establishment of Henderson of Fordell. As an aside, the name “Fordell” was first mentioned in 1221, when Hugh de Camera gave a toft (a homestead and additional property) of his lands to the monastery of Inchcolm, in gratitude for his safe return from the Crusade.  It is possible that the great Cedar of Fordell was grown from a planting brought from the Holy Land.

Thomas Henderson was the clerk of Inverkeithing Cocket in 1406.  He was the father of John Henderson, customer and bailie of Inverkeithing  from 1448-49. His son was Robert Henderson, a burgess (a representative of a borough) of Edinburgh.  In 1486, Robert obtained a charter of land at the Mill Dam, Inverkeithing.  In addition, he acquired the lands of Fordell from the estate of William de Airth. A royal charter had been signed there that year and witnessed by John Henrisoun, the sergeant of that barony, and at Castleton, Ardmanoch. Records indicate that David Hennerson [sic] was a tenant in 1504.

James Henderson, possibly John Henrisoun’s son, became Lord Justice Clerk (or Lord Advocate) of Scotland in 1494.  It is for James for whom the lands of Fordell were erected into a barony in 1511.  James Henderson was killed at Flodden in 1513, along with his eldest son, and the King, James IV.  James’ second son, George Henderson, 2nd  of Fordell, was admitted as a Burgess and Guild Brother of Edinburgh in 1520.  For a time, George was also provost of the city.

On 10 September 1547, known as “Black Saturday,” Lord Somerset led an English army across the border between England and Scotland, and advanced on Edinburgh. The English troops met the Scots at Pinkie. George was killed at Pinkie, along with his oldest son, William.

William left another son, James, always referred to as James Henderson of Fordell.  It was he who built the Fordell Caste in 1580 as it stands today.  He enjoyed favor at court and married Jean, the daughter of Sir William Murray of Tullibardine and his wife, Katherine, daughter of  Sir Duncan Campbell  of Glenorchy.   This union brought the family into a pedigree, which included not only the royal Stewarts and Plantagenets, but also William the Conqueror, Malcolm Canmore and others.

Perhaps the most famous member of this branch of Clan Henderson is Alexander Henderson (1583-1646), regarded as the leader of the Reformation in Scotland after John Knox. Born in Fife, he went to St. Andrews University, where he became a professor of philosophy in his 20’s. Within a few years, he was one of the most respected leaders of Presbyterianism.  Along with Johnston of Wariston, Alexander Henderson was largely responsible for drafting the National Covenant in 1638.  The document bound all who signed it to defend the King (Charles I) with their lives, but had nothing to do with his new ideas (Episcopacy) until they had been approved by a free and General Assembly, and by Parliament.  By acclamation, Alexander was also chosen moderator of the historic assembly in Greyfriars’ Church in Edinburgh, which completely reformed the Scottish Kirk on Presbyterian principles and abolished Episcopacy.

James  Henderson,  3rd  of  Fordell,  died  in  1640. He  left numerous progeny and he saw some of the greatest changes to come to Scotland since the introduction of feudalism.   In addition, he held the title of Provost of Inverkeithing.  Records do not indicate how long the hereditary provostship remained in the family. Queen Mary and Lord Darnley excused him from having to provide military service and from attending the wars all his life for the good service of his predecessors.  James VI, with whom he enjoyed good favor, renewed this privilege.

The Fordell connection to Inverkeithing was established at least 100 years before the battle there on 20 July 1651, between the army for Cromwell and the Scots who supported Charles I. It is reasonable to assume that the Hendersons were there.

In the nineteenth century, the estate of Fordell was left by Sir John Henderson, the last baronet of Fordell (and the son of Sir Robert Bruce Henderson and successively a member of Parliament for County Fife and Stirling) to his only child and heir, Isabella Anne.   In 1818, she married Sir Philip Charles Henderson of Calderwood Durham, the admiral of the fleet.

Isabella died on 18 December 1844. Sir Philip died on 1 April 1845, without an heir.  Fordell then passed to Isabella’s first cousin, George Mercer, who then assumed the name Henderson in addition to Mercer. The Mercer-Henderson family (the Earls of Buckingham) then owned the old castle of Fordell.

The original George Mercer (later Mercer-Henderson) made no claim to the Arms of Chiefship and it lapsed for some 150 years.   Notified in writing regarding the claim of Dr. John Henderson, the Earl of Buckinghamshire chose not to act. (Apparently, it is not customary for Lord Lyon to grants Arms to people with hyphenated names.)

In the 1840s the British Government began to organize and encourage the Scots to emigrate.  During this time, records show that John Henderson, who traced his ancestry to Sir John Henderson, 5th of Fordell, emigrated to Australia in 1839. He acquired land in the Illawarra district and then married Margaret Dunmore in 1843.   Her family had emigrated from Northern Ireland. John and Margaret moved to the Goulburn district because of the good land available there. This move was the beginning of the Roslyn estate.

When John and Margaret arrived in what was called the Crookwell country, there was little in the way of a home. Because it was cold, John asked a neighbor if he could collect stones from his property to build at least two fireplaces for their new home.  Fortunately for John, he had enough stones to build a very elegant and comfortable house on the top of a  hill,  surrounded  by  green,  rolling  downs.   Although  the house expanded as their family grew, the extra rooms were demolished, leaving the house as it was when John and Margaret first built it.

 

When John died in 1870, Margaret appointed their second son, John (Jack) Cunningham, 22, as manager of Roslyn. It became Jack’s responsibility to educate and start in life his 10 younger brothers.

Every member of the family worked hard. They hand- cleared  the  land  with  axes,  put  the  plough to it  and  built miles of fencing.  Wheat was stored in the open and covered with thatch, and pits were dug for potatoes.  Horse breeding was another important task for the boys, although more for relaxation than work.  They also formed an all-brothers cricket team, but had to turn down an invitation to take the team to England because of commitments at home.

In 1877, Margaret and her sons acquired Laggan Mill, about seven miles from Crookwell. Margaret was advised that it was haunted, but she wasn’t deterred. Laggan Mill was a three- story stone building consisting of a flour mill, a general store and a spacious residence, all under the same roof.

John Cunningham Henderson married Ann Janet Macalister. Their three oldest sons were born at Roslyn.  After the sale of Roslyn, they bought land at Gurrundah, where a fourth son, William, was born. William moved to Queensland as an adult. Ann Janet gave birth to her seventh child at Longreach, New South Wales.  A fifth son, Sir John Neville Henderson, became one of Queensland’s most respected and well-loved knights.

Dr. John William Phillip Henderson descended from this line.  It is stated on the patent of Arms that Dr. John William Philip Henderson is the male heir to the Baronet House of Fordell and that, as the heirs-in-line have ceased to use the plain Arms and Name of Henderson, he petitioned the Lord Lyon for recognition.

By this appointment, Lord Lyon erected into a single clan a number of seemingly unrelated families (or clans) whose only real link is that they all share a common surname.  This action is not the only occasion in recent times that this decision has been made, however.  Other examples are the Ferguson's, the MacArthurs, the Livingstone's and the Carmichaels , all modern clans composed of unrelated families of both Highland and Lowland origins.

Richards, Brown, Sigman, McGahey, Cunningham, Robertson, Hodge, Logan, Huff, Cloninger, Mouchette, Aline Berger, Bass, Dobson, Eddins, Adams, Anderson, Bishop, Carroll, Henley, Keeling, Murray, Menteith, Scott, Baty, Barton, Ballie, Gray, Fairoull, Mudie, Thompson, Clanahan, O’Briant, Coker, Smith, Gray, Earp, Brantley, Dodd, Howard, Terry, Spoon, Covington, Denson, Martin, Cole, Byrd, Cook, Luckie, Massengale, Kelly,  George, Warren, Anderson, Bass, Clanahan, Eddins, Duncan, Mangrem, Byrd, Herrington, Wilkerson, Earp, Bruce, Deckshot

23rd Great Grandfather was Robert Henryson I born in Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland in 1240. He married Haldor born in 1240. They had 1 child 

22nd Great Grandfather was Robert Henryson II of Fife, Scotland in 1260. He died in Nether-Pratt’s, West Lothian, Scotland in 1321. He married 22nd Great Grandmother Martha Thompson born in 1259 from Scotland. They had 1 child

1-21st Great Grandfather was Robert Henryson III born in Shetland Island, Scotland in 1280.   He died at home in the Shetland Islands in 1320. He married 21st Great Grandmother Elizabeth Mudie of Scotland and was born in 1280. They had 1 child.

1-20th Great Grandfather Robert Henryson IV born in 1300 in Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland. He died in 1376 in Inverkeithing, Fife,  Scotland. He married 20th Great Grandmother Jonet Fairoull born in 1302 from West Lothian, Scotland. They had 1 child.

1-19th Great Grandfather Robert Henryson V born in 1320 in Inverkeithing, Scotland and died in 1406 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. He married 19th Great Grandmother Marjory Gray born in 1325 in Inverkeithing, Scotland and died in 1406 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. 

They had 1 child 

1-18th Great Grandfather Cochet Edward Henderson born in 1340 in Inverkeithing, Scotland and died in Inverkeithing, Scotland in 1406. He married 18th Great Grandmother Lady Agnes Cunningham born in 1340 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. They had 1 child

1-17th Great Grandfather Thomas Henderson VI born in 1385 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. He died in Inverkeithing, Scotland in 1406. He married 17th Great Grandmother Rachel Burrow born in 1347 in Invenkeithing, Scotland. She died in Scotland in 1415. They had 2 children

I-Robert Henderson 1402-

II-16th Great Grandfather John Henderson of Inverkeithing. Born in 1415 in Invenkeithing, Scotland. He died in Invenkeithing, Scotland in 1449. He married 16th Great Grandmother Eleanor M Bailie born in 1402 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. She died in 1490 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. 

15th Great Grandfather Robert Henderson “Burgess of Edinburgh” born in 1430 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. He died in 1499 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He married 15th Great Grandmother Jonet Barton born in 1415 in Inverkeithing, Scotland. She died in Fife, Scotland in 1453. They had 3 children 

1-John Henderson 1451-1479

2-George Henderson 1451-

3-14th Great Grandfather Sir James Henderson 1450-1513. “1st Baron of Fordell” and Kings Advocate. From Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, Fordell Castle. He died at the Battle of Flodden in Branxton, Northumberland, England. Married 14th Great Grandmother Helen Baty on 21 March, 1486. Born in 1454 and died in 1534. 

They had 5 children 

1-James Henderson 1478-1513 killed in Battle of Flodden

2-Isabella Henderson 1488-She died in Aberdour, Scotland. She married Thomas Stewart of Galton born in 1458.

3-Margaret Henderson 1473-Died in Colinton, Midlothian, Scotland. She married James Foulis born in 1461 in Colinton, Scotland. They had 1 child.

I-Sir James Foulis II Kt, of Colinton 1487-1548 married Catherine Brown born in 1489 in Harare, Scotland. They had 1 child

I-Henry Foulis of Colinton 1513-Married Margaret Haldane

4-Agnes Henderson 1486-1586 She died in Haltoun, Kincardineshire, Scotland. She married Sir William Lauder Kt of Haltoun. Born in 1486 and died in 1580. They had 3 children 

I-Helen Lauder 1516- of Hatton, Scotland. She married Sir William Scott 1508-1548. They had 1 child.

I-Sir William Scott 1521-1568 married Janet Lindsay 1514-1580 they had 3 children 

I-Sir James Scott 12th of Balwearie

II-Barbara Scott

III-Lady Margaret Elizabeth Ramsey

II-Alexander Lauder of Haltoun 1489-1547 married Janet Borthwick 1465- They had 1 child 

I-Sir William Lauder of Haltoun 1480-1542 married Jean Cockburn 1480-1600

III-Agnes Lauder 1532-1578 married Francis Douglas 1530-1591 

5-13th Great Grandfather Sir George Henderson “2nd Lord of Fordell”, born in 1480 at Fordell Castle in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He died in Fife, Scotland in 1547. He married 1-Katherine Adamson in 1517 in Fife, Scotland. She was born in 1496 and died in 1539.  2-Marion Elizabeth Scott 20 August 1546. She was born in 1519 in Buccleuch, Selkirkshire, Scotland. She died in 1547 at Fordell Castle, Fife, Scotland. They had 9 children.

1-Debra Henderson 1515-1600

2-Janet Henderson  1541-1567 married 1- Alexander Guthrie in 1540 in Scotland. Had 1 child

I-Lady Marion Guthrie Lindsay 1552-1590 married John Lindsay 29 November 1581.

 She married 2-David Carnegie of Kinnaird born 1511. 

3-James Henderson 1526-1592 Married Margaret Frissell 

4-Margaret Henderson 1542-Married John Anderson 1515-1559

5-George Henderson 1539-1587 Married Marion Scottson 1513-1588.They had 1 child.

I-John Anderson 1580-1653 of St Andrew, Scotland 

6-Marion Henderson 1526-Married George Hay 1519-

7-Elison Henderson 1505-1547 Married Alexander Forbes 1508-1547 “6th Laird of Tolquhon”. They had 5 children.

I-Janet Forbes 1523-

II-William Forbes 1528-1597 “7th Laird of Tolquhon”. Married 1-Janna Scott 1533- 2-Janet Elizabeth Herries 1544-1600. William and Jannat Had 1 child.

I-William Forbes “8th Laird of Tolquhon” 1555- 

III-John Forbes 1565-1612 Baronet Culloden Married Elizabeth Keith 1558-1621. They had 2 children.

I-Duncan Forbes 1572-1654 1st of Culloden, Provost of Inverness

II-Daniel Forbes 1570-

IV-Jannat Forbes 1533-Married John Scott 1530. They had 1 child.

Janet Scott 1556- Married Patrik Leyche 1552-

8-John Henderson 1523-1592

9-12th Great Grandfather Sir Lord William Henderson born in 1518 at Fordell Castle in Dunfermline, Scotland. He died in 1547 at the “Battle of Pinkie Cleugh” in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. He married Lady Elizabeth Scott on 23 November 1543 at Fordell Castle in Fife, Scotland. She was born in 1519 and died in 1547. They had 7 children.

1-John Henderson 1544-1612 

2-Agnes Henderson 1545-1611 Married Prideaux 1515-1575

3-Janet Henderson 1545-1610 Married Michael Kilgore 1547- 

4-Margaret Henderson 1548-1640 of Glasgow, Scotland. Married 1-John Crocket 1550-1620. They had 3 children 

I-Ann Crocket Brobaga 1561-1579 from Ireland. 

II-Margaret Crocket 1595-1651 Married William Anderson

III-Janet Crocket 1559-

Married 2-John Thompson 1547- They had 1 child.

I-John Thompson 1596-1680

Married 3-Thomas Thompson 1545-1587 They had 10 children.

I-George Thompson 

II-Megister Richard Thompson 

III-Patrick Thompson 

IV-Jacob Thompson 

V-William Thompson 

VI-John Thompson 

VII-Samuel Thompson 

VIII-Margaret Thompson 

IX-James Thompson 

X-Thomas Thompson 

5-Grizel Henderson 1542-

6-Euphanie Henderson 1540-

7-11th Great Grandfather Sir James Henderson “3rd Of Fordell” born in 1544 at Fordell Castle in Fife, Scotland. He died in 1612. He married Jonette Murray of Tullibardine. They had 12 children 

1-Sir John Henderson (Knight) 4th Baron 1564-1617 from Scotland. Married 1-Jane Forbes 1577-1670 2-Agnes Balfour 1568-1610 3-Anna Halkat 1600-1645

2-Margaret Henderson 1549-1649 (she was Witch) see story. married William Echilin of Pitted Row 1546-1649

3-Janet Henderson 

4-Grizzly Henderson 

5-Euphanie Henderson 

6-Elizabeth Henderson 

7-Sir Robert Henderson 

8-Sir Francis Henderson 

9-Barbara Henderson 

10-Anne Henderson 

11-James Henderson 

12-10th Great Grandfather Lieutenant Colonel James  Henderson born in 1568 in Clackmannan, Clackmannanshire, Scotland. He died in 1619 in Jamestown, Colony of Virginia. He married 1- Carol Louise Duthill Ackerman born in 1571 in Allo, Scotland. She died in 1670. They had 20 children.

1-David Henderson 1585-

2-Thomas Henderson 1589-

3-Andrew Henderson 1590-

4-George Henderson 1591-

5-William Henderson 1595-

6-Robert Henderson 1599-1668

7-Richard Henderson 1610-1665

8-James Henderson 1612-1662

9-Henderson 1617-

10-William Andrew Henderson 1618-1705

11-Robert Henderson 1620-

12-Helen Henderson 1626-

13-Christian Henderson 1631-

14-Ursula Henderson 1638-

15-James Elder Henderson 1641-

16-Thomas Henderson 1642-1709

17-James Henderson 1643-

18-William Frederick Henderson 1650-

19-James Henderson 1655-1678

20-Joseph Henderson 1666-

21-Thomas Henderson 1670-

2-Jane Forbes born in 1577 in Fife, Scotland. She died in 1670 in Jamestown, Colony of Virginia. They had 2 children.

1-Richard Henderson 1610-

2-9th Great Grandfather William Henderson born in 1595 in Scotland. He died in 1668 in Handover, Virginia. He married 9th Great Grandmother Elizabeth Duthill born in Alloa, Scotland in 1599. She died in 1668. They had 6 children.

1-William Andrew Henderson 1621-

2-Janet Henderson 1624-

3-Christian Henderson 1631-1669

4-Helen Henderson 1626-

5-Agnes Henderson 1631-

6-Alexander Henderson 1630-Died in Virginia 

7-Edward Henderson 1637-Died in Virginia 

8-Catherine Henderson 1632-

9-John Henderson 1625-1737 

102-8th Great Grandfather Robert Henderson born in  1626 in Landsknechts, Scotland. He died in 1653 in New Kent, Colony of Virginia. He married 8th Great Grandmother 1-Jane Forbes born in 1577 in Fife, Scotland. Died in 1670 in Jamestown, Colony of Virginia. 2-Jean Murray born in 1641 in Kilbarchan, Scotland. She died in 1688 in Virginia. They had 2 children.

1-James Henderson 1652-

2-7th Great Grandfather Thomas Henderson born in 1653 in Fife Scotland. He died in 1709 in Handover, Virginia. He married 1-Ursula Keeling born in 1661 in Hanover, Virginia. She died in 1697 in New Kent, Virginia. 2-Sarah Wilkerson born in 1678 in New Kent, Virginia. She died in Hanover County, Virginia in 1714. They had 9 children.

1-Thomas Henderson II

2-Richard Keeling Henderson Sr 1678-1748 born and lived in Virginia. Married 1-Margaret Polly Washer born in 1677 in Virginia and died in 1714 in Virginia. They had 1 child 

I-Samuel Richard Henderson 1700-1790 married Elizabeth Williams 1714-1794.

Married 2-Henrietta Henley 1689-1749 from Virginia. 

3-Ursula Clark Henderson 1710-1766 married David Williams 1710-1759 they had 10 children 

I-Daniel Williams 1747-1792

II-Daniel Williams1752-1823

III-Colonel Joseph Williams Jr 1748-1827

IV-Elisha Williams 1747-

V-Mary Williams Satterwhite 1745-1824 married 1-Isaac Mitchell married 2-John Satterwhite

VI-Brigadier General James Henderson Williams 1740-1780 married 1-Mary Clark Williams. Married 2-Rachel Williams

VII-Major John Henderson Williams 1737-1794 married Mary Williams

VIII-Ann Williams Creech 1735-1800 married Richard Creech III

IX-Henry Williams 1734-1785

X-Mariah Williams Goodman 1733-1802

4-Captain William Henderson 

5-Sarah Henderson 1687-1730 

6-Edward Henderson 1677-

7-Samuel Henderson 

8-James Henderson 1694-1714 married Jane King 1693-

9-6th Great Grandfather Richard Henderson born in 1700 in Ireland. He died in 1801 in Cumberland County, Virginia. He married  1-Isabella Henderson born in 1682 and died in 1749. 2-Henrietta Henley born in 1687 in Hanover County, Virginia. She died in 1749 in Cumberland County, Virginia. They had 5 children.

1-Major Samuel Henderson Born in 1699 and died in 1783.

2-Mary Sarah Henderson Born in 1704 and died in 1771. 

3-Henrietta Henderson Born in 1707 and died in 1783.

4-James L Henderson Born in 1740 and died in 1798. 

There are 9 Nathaniel Henderson and it’s the biggest mess in genealogy census I have ever seen. This Nathaniel Hunter Henderson is the one in our family. I promise. 

5-5th Great Grandfather Nathaniel Hunter Henderson Sr born in 1728 in West Nantmeal, Chester County, Pennsylvania. He died in 1794 in York County, South Carolina. He married Elizabeth Carroll born in 1731 in Chester County, Pennsylvania. She died in York, South Carolina in 1783. They had 10 children.

1-Anna Henderson born in 1753 in Chester, Pennsylvania. She died in 1794 in Wilkes, Georgia.

2-James Henderson was born in Rowan, North Carolina in 1760. He died in 1830 in Hall, Georgia. Married Anne Cahoon 

3-Elizabeth Betsy Henderson Born in 1702 and died in 1806. She lived to 104 years old.

4-Robert Henderson born in 1768

5-James Blyth Henderson Born in 1760 in Rowan, North Carolina. Died in 1830 in Hall County, Georgia. 

6-Samuel Henderson born in 1766

7-Nathaniel Henderson Jr born in 1764

8-Major Thomas Henderson born in 1762 in North Carolina. He died in 1841 in Pickens County, South Carolina. He married Elizabeth Ratchford -1847 they had 6 children.

I-John Henderson 1786-

II-Nathaniel Henderson 1787-1860 married Matilda Wilson 1787-1881 they had 1 child 

I-Margaret Henderson 1798-1864 married Joseph Smith 1789-1840 and had 1 child 

III-Anna Henderson 1790-1876 married John Cansler 1780-1865 they had 1 child 

I-Elizabeth Cansler 1813-1891 married Bradwell Day and had 11 children 

IV-Mary Henderson 1792-1800

V-Elizabeth Henderson 1794-1847 married William Cansler 1782-1835 and had 4 children 

I-John Milton Cansler 1819-1861

II-Thomas Henderson Cansler 1820-1866

III-William Nelson Cansler 1825-1845

IV-Jefferson Carroll Cansler 1827-1860

VI-Abigail Henderson Gehrings 1797-1854 married Jacob Geurin 1788-1868 and had 5 children 

I-Thomas Geurin 1823-1901

II-Colonel John Aster Guerin 1823-1889

III-Jane Elizabeth Geurin 1825-1855

IV-Elisa Geurin 1830-1920

V-Abigail Geurin 1832-1857

9-John Henderson born in 1756 in Rowan County, North Carolina. Died in 1840 in Selmer, McNairy, Tennessee. He married Elizabeth Lindsey. 

10-4th Great Grandfather Daniel Henderson born in 1771 in Tryon,  Lincoln County, North Carolina. He died in Choctaw County, Mississippi in 1847. He married Anne Brown born in 1777 in York, South Carolina. She died in South Carolina in 1815. They had 3 children 

1-Washington Azor Henderson 1798 from South Carolina. He died in Chickasaw, Mississippi in 1850. Married Temperance Pridemore 1802- they had 6 children 

I-Mary Elizabeth Henderson 1827-1912 married William Glenn Hardin 1822-1896 and had 7 children 

II-Sarah Ann Henderson 1829-1897 married James Polk Murphree 1825-1905 and had 9 children 

III-Rebecca Jane Henderson 1831-1906 married William Ramsey 1824-1904 and had 10 children 

IV-Azor N Henderson 1833-1894 married Sarah Ann Elizabeth Haire 1835-1918 and had 10 children.

V-George Washington Henderson 1835- married Martha Ann Shirley 1840-1911 and had 9 children 

VI-Henry Henderson 1837-

2-James Franklin Henderson Born in 1795 in York, South Carolina. He died in 1861 in Anderson, Texas. Married 1-Elizabeth Bishop 1793-1844 on 12 March 1816. They had 7 children 

I-Sarah Ann Henderson 1817-1858 married Alexander H Waddell 1810-1876 and had 1 child 

I-Mary Tallulah Waddell 1848-1866

II-Henry Nicholas Henderson 1820-1843

III-Daniel Henderson 1822-1889 married Martha M Thornton 1831-1896 and had 10 children 

I-James Henry Henderson 1850-1920 married Laurenda Ann Brown 1852-1893 and had 9 children 

II-Sarah C Henderson 1852- married Thomas H Hudson 1836- and had 2 children 

III-Elizabeth J Henderson 1854- married T L Stewart 21 November 1871. They had 2 children  

IV-Amanda E Henderson 1858-1877

V-Dorcus Roxana Henderson 1861-1917 married John Randolph Dean 1855-1914 and they had 9 children 

VI-Mary Martha Henderson 1863-1885 married Lorenzo Dow Henderson 1856-1936 and had 1 child 

VII-John Daniel Henderson 1863-19521 married Mollie Elizabeth Williams 1876-1942 and had 2 children 

VIII-John D Henderson 1870-1952 married Henny Louise McWilliams 1879- and had 3 children 

IX-Lucinda Henderson 1872-1873

X-Nancy Lori Henderson 1873- married Thomas  William James 1872- and and had 2 children 

IV-John Bishop Henderson 1824-1910 married Sarah Ann Thornton 1835-1913 and had 9 children 

V-Joseph Dickson Henderson 1827-1892

VI-Dorcas Elizabeth Henderson 1829-1839

VII-James Franklin Henderson Jr 1834-1920 married Florence Sarah Jeanette Rösser 1838-1930 and had 12 children 

Married 2-Rebecca Waddell 1806-1903 they had 3 children 

1-Allen Henderson 1846-1931 married Susannah Ann Rogers 1848-1929 and had 9 children 

I-Anna J Henderson 1881-

II-Martha Millie Henderson 1877-1960 married Luther Elonza Cole 1883-1950 and had 4 children 

III-James Franklin Henderson 1879-1922 married Sallie Elizabeth Crow 1884-1941 and had 6 children 

IV-Sudie E Henderson 1879-

V-Calvin Richard Henderson 1884-1928 

VI-Mary Elizabeth Henderson 1885-1983 married Charles Presley Spivey 1876-1943 and had 4 children 

VII-Margaret Rebecca Henderson 1885-1960 married Benjamin Franklin Spivey 1884-1969 and had 1 child 

VIII-Joseph Oscar Henderson 1890-1964 married Lydia Lee Crow 1894-1978 and had 2 children 

IX-Allen R Henderson 1895-

2-William C Henderson 1847-1922 married Mary Lee Evans 1851-1928 and had 9 children 

I-Andrew P Henderson 1870-1905 

II-James Walter Henderson 1873-1959 married Georgia Ann Garrett 1873-1957 and had 6 children 

III-Nancy Caroline Henderson 1875-1962 married Samuel McConnell 1871-

IV-Mary Ella Henderson 1877-1968 married Peter Holloway Crook 1872-1940 and had 3 children 

V-William Oliver Henderson 1879-1941 married    Louise Army Houston 1877-1961

VI-Addie May Henderson 1881-

VII-Arthur Henderson 1883-

VIII-Virgie Henderson 1886-1964

IX-Mary Henderson 1889-

3-Harrison A Henderson 1849-1918 married Pamela Rebecca Thornton 1857-1933 and had 8 children. 

I-John Daniel Henderson 1874-1948 married Sarah Sallie Carroll 1877-1962 and had 14 children 

II-James Matt Henderson 1877- married Sarah Bowden Cox 1875-1953 and had 2 children 

III-Martha Rebecca Henderson 1879-

IV-Mary Robert Henderson 1883-

V-Sarah Ann Henderson 1886-1969 married Aaron Franklin Taylor 1884-1945 and had 5 children 

VI-Henderson 1889-

VII-Henderson 1889-

VIII-Emily Lawrence Henderson 1891-1924 married George Thomas Smith Roberts 1887-1958 and had 5 children 

Married 2-Sarah Hickman Herbert born in 1775 in Georgia. She died in 1850 in Choctaw, Jones County, Mississippi. They had 1 child.

1-Hansel David Henderson 1819- born in North Carolina. He died in Tallapoosa, Alabama. He married Sophia A Smith born in 1812 in South Carolina. She died in 1870. They had 6 children 

I-Elizabeth Henderson 1837-

II-John J Henderson 1841- married Permelia A Russell 

III-Hansel Davis Henderson 1843-

IV-Charles J Henderson 1845-1913 married Lucy W Pullende 1848-1922 and had 7 children.

V-Nancy Missouri Henderson 1846-1917 married James Augustus Phillips 1842-1936 and had 5 children.

VI-Allen Stokes Henderson 1849-1924 married Sarah Ann Wheelers 1851-1913 and had 3 children.

3-3rd Great Grandfather Robert Henderson born in 1796 in York, South Carolina. He died in 1868 in Pickens County, Alabama. He married Sarah Ann Bishop born in 1790 in Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina. She died in 1863 in Pickens County, Alabama. They had 12 children 

1-Nicholas Henderson born in 1818 in York County, South Carolina. He died in Killeen, Texas in 1869. He married Mahalia Adams 19 August 1847 from Ruck County, Texas. She was born in 1822. She died in Texas in 1859. They had 5 children 

I-Sam Houston Henderson born in 1848 and died in 1938 in Val Verde, Texas. He married Marion Olivia Pearson Henderson 28 December 1873 in Bell, Texas. She was a GOLD STAR MOTHER of DEL RIO. They had 7 children 

I-Dawson Ward Henderson born in 1887 in Killeen Core, Texas. He died in 1961 in Los Angeles, California. He married Jessamine Franks 1901-1982 06 December 1920 in Coconino, Arizona. They had 3 children 

I-Kathryn Henderson married Jack Dunn

II-Pearl Roy Henderson 

III-Luella Henderson 1922-2008

II-Winslow Henderson 

III-Fred Henderson 1886-1965 

IV-Novie Henderson 1884-1948 married Bertha E Wright 1894-1978

V-Lemuel Henderson 1881-1942 married Fan Andres

VI-Ernest C Henderson 1879- married Nora Bell Rogers 1885-1965. They had 6 children 

-

I-Sam Houston Henderson 1905-1992 married Florence Nelson 1908-2003. They 1 child

I-Carl Lewis Henderson 

II-Clara L Henderson 1907-1986 married James Matthias Reb 1899-1995 was a Native Alaskan and died in Jacksonville, Oregon. They had 3 children 

I-Ernest A Reb 1926-2002

II-Paul L Reb 1924-2009

III-Floyd Reb

III-Austin Wallace Henderson 1909-1995 married Wilda Laree Davis 1914- They had 3 children 

I-Gerald Dawson Henderson 1932-2009 married Barbara J Briggs

II-Phyllis Henderson 1933-2006 

III-Lujuana N Henderson 1934- married Charles G Sanders

IV-Gladys H Henderson 1911-2003 married Durwood E Alden 1911-1970 They had 2 children 

I-John Alden 1931-1994

II-Shirley Ruth Alden 1911-2003

VII-Mollie Henderson 1877-1953 married Earl Ernest Pogue. 

II-Sarah E Henderson born in 1862 in Texas. She died in 1947. She married Sam L George in 1868. George was born in 1837. They had 6 children 

I-Dora George 1872-1948 married Gentry Johnson 1877-1949. They had 4 children 

I-Buel Johnson 

II-Raymond Johnson 

III-Beulah Johnson

IV-Charlie Johnson

II-Mary George 1873-1959

III-Emmet George 1874-1956 married Evie Wall They had 3 children 

I-Morris George 

II-Mable George

III-Evelyn George 

IV-Araminta George 1876-1965 married John Collin Robertson 1876-1950

V-Artie George 1888-1964 married Basitze George 1877-1965 They had 4 children 

I-Bertie Bea George Adams 1907-1987

II-Dovie H George 1912-1969

III-Witt W George 1916-1998

IV-Loyd W George Sr 1920-1992

VI-Raymond George 1879-1956 married Ada B Macklin. They had 2 children 

I-Raymond George 1922-1974

II-Bernice Rebecca George 1924-1983 married Raymond C Bray 1921-2000

VII-Edwin George 1870-1943 married Ella J Baker 1871-1928 They had 5 children 

I-Edwin George Jr 1895-1950

II-Jett R George 1899-1967

III-Mabel J George Carver 1903-1980

IV-Myrtle May George Carey 1905-1973

V-Milton George 1907-1975

III-Mary Ann Henderson 1856-1906 married Martin Wilburn Warren on 19 September 1875 in Bell, Texas. They had 5 children 

I-Edna Warren

II-Nellie Warren

III-Wilmers J Warren

IV-Alice E Warren

V-Suda B Warren

IV-Robert Lemuel Henderson born in 1859 and died in 1944. He married Allie Malverda Anderson 20 June 1892. They had 10 children 

I-Lou Henderson 1893-

II-Leonard Bates Henderson 1895-1951 from Crane, Texas. Married Sadie Cowan 1898-1994. From Texas. They had 6 children.

I-Curtis Weldon Henderson 1918-1983 married Nettie I Delz 1920-1990. 

II-Myrl C Henderson 1921-married Charles Oscar Hucker 1919-1994

III-Cleo M Henderson 1924-1991married 1-Terry O K Burlesken 1920-1989 married 2-Robert Mervin Adair 1926-2001

IV-Jo Veda Henderson 1927-2005 married George M Price Jr 1925-2006

V-Bill Henderson 1931-2007

VI-Betty Sue Henderson 1934-1987 married a Fernandez 1930-

III-Lyell James Henderson Sr 1897-1959 From Burnt, Texas. Married Lillie V Byrd 1899- They had 5 children 

I-Lavaria Henderson 1917-

II-Ruby Lucille Henderson 1918-2008 married Leroy Maddox 1913-1993 They had 2 children 

I-Joyce Maddox 1936-1936

II-Billy Ray Maddox 1938-2006

III-Rama Henderson 1921-

IV-Robbie Henderson 1924-

V-L J Henderson 1925-

IV-Lucile Henderson 1899-

V-Mona May Henderson 1901-1962 From Howard, Texas. Married William Anthony Boadle 1901-1982. 

VI-Mabry Henderson 1903-1905

VII-Jewel Henderson 1905-1998 From Bell, Texas. Married Samuel (Dom) George Jr 1893-1973

VIII-Paul Henderson 1908-

IX-Garnet Melville Henderson 1911-1931

X-Bessie Lee Henderson 1913-2009 From Fisher, Texas. Married Walter Ervin Hale 1913-1988 They had 2 children 

I-Jimmy Donald Hale 1933-2015

II-Larry Alan Hale 1940-2008

V-Finis Ewing Henderson born in 1850 in Thorndale, Texas. He died in 1940 in Bell, Texas. Married 1-Martha Almirante Covington 1856-1907 on 14 June 1874. Married 2-Sarah Weir Reid 1873-1950. They had 16 children.

I-Lillie Mahalia Henderson Born in 1875 in Texas. She died in Texas in 1964. She married 1-Finis Washington Love 1869-1899 on 16 February 1893. She had 3 children.

I-Marvin Dan Love 1894-1964

II-Harry T Love 1895-1896

III-Gretna Warren Love 1897-1978

Married 2-Thomas William Kelly 1869-1957. She had 1 child.

I-Martha M Kelly

II-Mary “Mollie” Francis Henderson born in 1876 in Texas. She died in 1970 in Texas. She married Thomas Paul Massengale 1875-1951 on 4 December 1898. They had 5 children.

I-Mary Arnold Lail 1900-1974 married Plennie Floyd Lail 1897-1994

II-Tom Love Massengale 1910-1995 married Opal Mae Whiteley 1910-1997

III-Kenneth Lee Massengale 1913-2000 married Katherine Agnes Schwenkers 1925-2003

IV-Albert Lynn Massengale 1915-2008 married Lillie Fay Alcon 1922-2016

V-Herbert Woodrow Massengale 1918-2005

III-Finis Washington Henderson was born in Texas in 1879. He died in Fort Worth,Texas in 1961. He married Julia G White born in 1880. She died in 1948. She was from Texas. They had 1 child.

I-Jack W Henderson 1920-1981

IV-Kennie Elizabeth Henderson was born in 1881 in Texas. She died in 1967 in Texas. She married John Haynes Luckie 1 July 1903. He was born in 1883. He died in 1967. Both died in a car crash the same day. They had 2 children.

I-Doyle Luckie 1907-1979

II-Joe Ross Luckie 1910-1987

V-Charles Thomas Henderson was born in 1882 in Texas. He died in Texas in 1933. He married Virgie Cook from Texas. She was born in 1884 and died in 1966. They had 2 daughters.

I-Bernice A Henderson Priest 1905-1977

II-Mollie M Henderson Duncan 1912-2014

VI-Sarah Rebecca Henderson 1884-1884. Died Infant.

VII-Monroe Spencer Henderson 1885-1889

VIII-Nicholas Henderson born in 1886. From Texas. He died in 1966. He married Mattie Duncan of Texas. She was born in 1891 and died in 1977. They had 2 daughters.

I-Leona Henderson 1908-2004

II-Isla Henderson 1912-1999

IX-Adoniram Judson Henderson was born in 1888. He died in 1973 in Texas. He married Emma Frances Mangrem born in 1890 and died in 1949. She was from Texas. They had 1 daughter.

I-Ruth Henderson 1915-1998

X-Jesse Clements Henderson 1888-1951

XI-Jarvis Henderson 1890-

XII-William Jarvis Henderson was born in 1890. He died in 1987. From Texas. He married Sadie B Byrd born in 1894 and died in 1983. They had 1 child

I-Truett J Henderson 1922-1988

XIII-Nettie Mae Henderson was born in 1891. From Texas. She died in 1987 in Temple, Texas. She married Ernest A Cole born in 1891 and died in 1942. They had 5 children 

I-Ernest A Cole Jr 1914-2013

II-Coleman Cole 1918-1990

III-Mildred Cole 1922-1980

IV-Henderson Cole 1924-1942

V-John T Cole 1926-2006

XIV-Bertha Ethylene Henderson was Born in  1893. She died in 1995. She married a Derington man and then divorced.

XV-Mattie Bell Henderson was born in 1895. She died in 1984 in Texas. She married Percy L Martin Sr of Texas. He was born in1893 and died in 1968. They had 1 son

I-Samuel P Martin Jr 1921-2003

XVI-Julian Jackson Henderson 1897-1898

2-Brackens Henderson born in 1818 in York County, South Carolina. He died in 1869 in Killeen, Texas. 

3-James Lewis Henderson Born in 1821in Hart County, Georgia. He died in 1891 in Pickens County, Alabama. He married 1-Saber Eddins born in 1825 in Alabama. She died in 1860. Married 2-Lucy Alabama Dobson born in 1830. She died in 1910 in Pickens County, Alabama. They had 7 children 

I-Mary Henderson 1851-

II-Nancy Lavinia Henderson was born in 1853. From Alabama. She died in 1942 in Cass, Texas. She married 1-Amos B Cloninger on 12 December 1917. 2-Married Jefferson Davis Wallace 1861-1900. They had 5 children.

I-Lewis L Wallace 1887-1935

II-Estelle L Stiles 1889-1966

III-David D Wallace 1892-1892

IV-Ira Vela Heard 1893-1943

V-Minnie Mae Fire 1896-1973

III-Nancy Brunnie Vista Henderson born in 1858 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Millport, Alabama in 1940. She married John Henry McGahey born in 1856 in Pickens County, Alabama. He died in 1932. They had 6 children 

I-Pluna Bell 1889-1964

II-Ellis F McGahey

III-Bluner M McGahey

IV-Lucy Ottley McGahey Born in 1885 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 1963 in Pickens County, Alabama. She married Rufus Elnathan Richards on 23 December 1903. They had 7 children 

I-John Rufus Richards 1918-1987 married Mary E Pate 1924-2016

II-Newman T Richards 1907-1938 married Ida Richards-1964

III-Davis V Richards 

IV-Sallie Margita Richards 1914-1998 married Carlos C Hedrick 1910-1996

V-Olens Richards 1922-

VI-Nannie M Richards 1911-1996 married Elton Ray Keasler 1911-1998

VII-Henry W Richards 1905-1973 married Nancy Huff 1903-1976

V-Enoch E McGahey

VI-Thomas H McGahey

IV-Sabra Henderson born in 1866. She died in 1912 in Texas. She married William J Todd.

V-Lewis Napoleon Henderson born in 1869 in Alabama. He died in 1941 in Texas. He married Martha Henderson and they had 1 child.

I-Phena Henderson 

VI-Lucy Henderson born in 1873 in Alabama. She died in Texas in 1966. She married Murray G Cochran born in 1862. He died in 1933. They had 1 child

I-Robert W Cochran 1897-1966

VII-Arron Henderson 1876-1958

4-Mary Elizabeth Henderson 1851-1910

5-Azor Neely Henderson 1824-1899

6-Sarah Isabell Henderson born in 1826 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 1896 in Pickens County, Alabama. She married Enoch Starling McGahey Sr born in 1824. He died in 1900 in Pickens County, Alabama. They had 6 children.

I-Mary F McGahey Clanahan 1846-1917 married Mathew F Clanahan 1837-1922

II-Clementine McGahey O’Briant 1848-1895 married Rufus Clark O’Briant 1844-

III-Nancy Victoria McGahey Logan 1854-1923 married George A Logan 1848-1921 07 December 1876. 

IV-John Henry McGahey 1856-1932 married Burnie Pennington 1858-1940

V-Enoch Starling McGahey Jr 1863-1926 married Geneva Francis Garner 1871-1943

VI-Mathis Tillman McGahey 1869-1933 married Beulah Alabama Keasler 1864-1953

7-Frances Dorcas Henderson born in 1828 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Gregg County, Texas in 1909. She married John W Bass 1820-1860.

8-Jane Elizabeth Henderson 1829-

9-Nancy A Henderson 1830-1922

10-Mary Margaret Henderson 1831-

11-Dorcas Frances Henderson 1833-

12-2nd Great Grandfather  Abner Daniel Henderson born in 1822 in Pickens County, Alabama. He died in Reform, Pickens County, Alabama in 1897. He married 1-2nd Great Grandmother Elvira Olivia Richards 10 November 1847. She was born in 1830 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 1860 in Reform, Alabama. They had 1 child together.

1-Mary Isabell Henderson 1851-

Married 2-2nd Great Grandmother Lucinda Sigman born in 1841 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 1904 in Reform, Alabama. They had 9 children.

1-Enoch Daniel Henderson born in 1856 in Pickens County, Alabama. He died in Stillwater, Payne, Oklahoma in 1925. He married Ida Cloninger  born in 1869 in Davis, Texas. She died in Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1932. They had 13 children 

I-Arthur W Henderson born in 1887 in Potawatomi, Oklahoma. He died in Oklahoma in 1970. He married M Ellen Cannon born in 1893 and died in 1978. She was born and died in Oklahoma. They had 7 children.

I-Gerald L Henderson born in 1931. Died in 1995. From Oregon. He married Vera C McLaughlin

II-Clara Marie Henderson born in 1926. Died in 1956. From California. She married James H Grissom 1926-1976

III-Vera Lucille Henderson born in 1924. Died in 2005. From Idaho. She married Leonard A Young. They had 6 children. 

IV-Carol E Henderson born in 1917 and died in 1999.

V-Arthur Ray Henderson born in 1915. Died in 1994. From Oklahoma. He married Littie Pearl Nichols 1917-1997. They had 2 children 

I-Lola Rayora Henderson born in 1940. 

II-William Arthur Henderson born in 1942. Died in 2001. From Oklahoma 

VI-Maynard O Henderson born in 1913. Died in 1990. From California 

VII-A William Henderson 

II-Ora Alberta Henderson born in 1889. Died in 1972. From Oklahoma 

III-Ida Mays Henderson born in 1891. Died in 1978. From Colorado. She married Clarence S Bassler 1888-1979. They had 1 child.

I-Robert Wade Bassler 1917-1936

IV-Lily Adele Henderson born in 1893. Died in 1952. From Texas. She married Phillip Thomas Huffine 1890-1965. They had 6 children 

I-Beatrice Pearl Huffine Tucker 1913-1992

II-Lester Huffine 1917-2010

III-Marvin Gerald Huffine 1919-2014

IV-Frances Pauline Huffine Brie 1921-2000

V-Phillip Thomas Huffine Jr 1926-2014

VI-JoAnn Huffine Mitchell 1935-1998

V-David Dewitt Henderson born in 1895. Died in 1980. From California 

VI-Robert Elmer Henderson born in 1897. Died in 1982. From Florida. He married Maudine Shelly

VII-Abner B Henderson born in 1900 in Oklahoma. 

VIII-Martin Luther Henderson born in 1901. He died in 1991. From Oklahoma. He married Juanita Hester born in 1904. She died in 1965. They had 4 children.

I-Lula Mae Henderson Vogt 1924-2019 married Amulet W Vogt

II-Vivian Dean Henderson 1928-2006 married Charles E Polovik 1922-1990

III-Wanda Jean Henderson 1934-2017 married Wendell P Maxey 1930-

IV-Robert Lee Henderson 1941-2019

IX-Alyne R Henderson born in 1913. Married Edgar Henderson 1911-1984. They had 1 child.

I-Loren E Henderson 1930- married Janet Lee Stokes 1934-1999

X-Charlie D Henderson born in1903. Died in 1999. From Oklahoma. Married Simon B Snyder 1897-1982

11-Edgar Louis Henderson born in 1905. Died in 1979. From Kansas. He married Elvira Barham 1904-1995. They had 2 children 

I-Edgar Louis Henderson Jr 1927- married Sarah Foster 1930-2008

II-Peggy Henderson born in 1931-2018 married Robert Moore 

XI-Harold Elmer Henderson born in 1908. Died in 1978. From Texas. He married Gladys L Herzog 1912-2006. They had 2 children 

I-Carol Ann Henderson 1937-

II-Ronald Henderson 1939-2008

XII-Ruby Allene Henderson born in 1912. Died in 1993. From Oklahoma. Married Herbert Burris 1908-1979

2-Nancy “Nannie” Isabell Henderson born in  1868 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Columbus, Mississippi in 1954. She married Marion B Logan of Alabama born in 1856. He died in 1938 in Columbus, Mississippi. They had 7 children 

I-Albert Cleveland Logan born in 1888. Died in 1979 in Mississippi. Married Livena Nadine Shelton 1893-1983

II-Mary I Logan born in 1890 and died in 1906 at 16 years old.

III-Andrew S Logan born in 1891 and died in 1912 at 21 years old.

IV-Jenna Estelle Logan born in 1893. Died in 1965. From Alabama. Married Clifton D Bell 1881-1942. They had 2 children 

I-Infant Child Bell 1930

II-Charles W Bell 1936-2013

V-Rosa M Logan born in 1898. Died in1961. From Mississippi. Married William L Guin 1904-1980 They had 3 children 

I-J M Halton Guin 1933-2013

II-Nancy Loystte Guin 1935-2006

III-Edward Lester Guin 1930-

VI-Bessie Lou Logan born in 1903. Died in 1972. Married Andrew M Gibson 1899-1968 They had 1 child

I-Audie M Gibson born in 1924. Died in 1978. From Texas. Married Denise Caravasios 1916-2002

VII-William Louis Logan born in 1905 and died in 1992 in Columbus, Mississippi.

3-Sarah Catherine Henderson born in 1849 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Cass County, Texas in 1937. She married John Robert Lineberger born in 1847 and died in 1900. They had 5 children 

I-Enoch P Lineberger born in 1879 in Texas and died in Collingsworth, Texas in 1936. He married Eula Belle Lora Lineberger 1884-1953. They had 6 children 

II-Walter Lineberger born in 1877. Died in 1941 and lived in Texas. He married Susie E Goodson 1881-1973. They had 4 children 

III-Eula Lineberger born in 1884 in Texas. She died in 1954 in Texas. She married Robert W Goodson born in 1878 and died in 1944. They had 6 children.

IV-Ila Lineberger born in 1889 in South Carolina. Died in Texas in 1986. She married Jerry Logan Abernathy born in 1884 from North Carolina. He died in 1968. They had 4 children.

V-John R Lineberger born in 1882 in Cass County, Texas. He died in Texarkana, Texas in 1973. He married Eula Faye Felker from Cass County, Texas. She was born in 1886 and died in 1977. They had 5 children.

4-Mary Elizabeth Henderson born in 1851 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Millport, Alabama in 1910. She married Jacob Nathaniel Mouchette born in 1842. He died in 1910. They had 8 children. 

I-Vinnie A Mouchette 1868-1951 married Emma Mouchette 

II-Lillie Maxine Mouchette 1872-1938 married Gilbert E Blalock

III-Walter C Mouchette 1872-1914 

IV-Enoch Daniel Mouchette 1880–1962 married Elizabeth Kimbrell

V-Finis Mouchette Odom 1881-1951 married Charles M Odom

VI-Kate Mouchette Watkins 1885-1962 married James Watkins

VII-Mamie Eveline Mouchette 1887-1980 married J Vade Odom

VIII-George Lamar Mouchette 1889-1934 married Effie Andrus

5-Henry Goodlow Henderson born in 1867. From Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He died in 1940. He married Ada B Huff born in 1869 and died in 1958. They had 1 child

I-Robert W Henderson born in 1904 and died in 1957. From Arkansas. He married Daisy M Sanders and they had 2 children 

I-Robert Waldron Henderson Jr born in 1926. He died in 2003. 

II-Donald Ray Henderson 

6-Anne Henderson born in 1868 in Pickens County, Alabama.

7-William Sterling Henderson born in 1875 in Pickens County, Alabama. He died in 1968 in Millport, Alabama. He married 1-Josephine Hazzie Hodge from Pickens County, Alabama. She was born in 1892 and died in Millport, Alabama in 1967. He married 2-Fannie L Robertson born in 1877 and died in 1904. From Pickens County, Alabama. Josephine had 4 children with him.

I-David M Henderson 1912-1939

II-Marion B Henderson 1917-1959

III-Laverne J Henderson 1920-

IV-Oliver S Henderson 1944-1991

Fannie had 2 children with him

I-Jimmie L Henderson 1898-1982

II-Willie Lee Henderson 1901-1993

8-Andrew Clark Henderson 1878-1963

9-Great Grandfather Rufus Abner Henderson born in 1882 in Pickens County, Alabama. He died in Reform, Alabama in 1969. He married Hattie Mae Brown in 1909. She was born in 1892 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Reform, Alabama in 1964. They had 6 children 

1-Ila Henderson born in 1910 in Reform, Alabama. She died in Reform, Alabama in 1997. She married Samuel E McGahey born in Reform, Alabama in 1898. He died in Reform, Alabama in 1980. They had 4 children 

I-Hilda Ruth McGahey born in 1927 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 2011 in Sweetwater, Alabama. She married Bobble Edwin Anderson born in 1927 in Marengo County, Alabama. He died in Sweetwater, Alabama. They have 3 girls

I-Babette McGahey Huggins

II-Jackie A McGahey Morgan

III-Pam McGahey Sheehan

2-Daniel McGahey 1929-1979

3-Edith Muriel McGahey Vallieres 1932-1968 born and died in Reform, Alabama.

4-Nedra Leta McGahey born in 1934 in Pickens County, Alabama. Lives in Thomaston, Alabama 

2-Mary I Henderson 1910-

3-Nannie Mae Henderson born in 1916 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in 2000 in Coalfire, Pickens County, Alabama. She married 1-Ray Rushton Duncan born in 1914 in Beard Community of Pickens County, Alabama. He died in 1976 in Columbus, Mississippi. She married 2- McShan from The McShan Community of Pickens County, Alabama. 

4-Rufus C Henderson 1919-1940-Dr Joe B Henderson born in 1921 in McShan, Pickens County, Alabama. He died in El Paso, Texas in 2011. He married Mary Frances Cunningham born in 1926 in El Paso, Texas. She died in El Paso, Texas in 2018. They had 2 children 

I-Dr Robert E Henderson 1950- He married Jeanne  Katherine Lively born in 1953. They have 2 children 

I-Kirsten Henderson married Anthony Duncan and they have 3 girls.

I-Savanna Duncan

II-Tatum Duncan

III-Genessee Duncan

II-Scott Henderson 

II-Mary Frances (Francis) Henderson born in  1953 in El Paso, Texas. She married John Cole and they have 2 children 

I-Marie Cole

II-Seth Coles

6-Grandmother Audie Lee Henderson born in Pickens County, Alabama in 1913. She died in 1994 in Moundville, Alabama. She married Roy Lee Richards from Reform, Alabama. He was born in 1909. He died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1966. They lived in Moundville, Alabama. They had 1 child

I-Edith Lavelle Richards born in 1934 in Reform, Alabama. She died in Moundville, Alabama in 2010. She married Richard Marvin Thomas born in 1933 in Hale County, Alabama. He died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 2008. They had 4 children 

I-Michael Richard Thomas 1954-

II-Lucy Leigh Thomas Bushog 

III-Bruce Delane Thomas 1957-

IV-Rosemyra Thomas Blanton  

GRANDPARENTS 

Great Grandmother Hattie Mae Brown born in 1892 in Pickens County, Alabama. She died in Reform, Alabama in 1964. She married Rufus Abner Henderson 1882-1969. She had 2 brothers and 4 sisters.

1-Mary Ada Brown 1883-1952

2-Annie Brown 1886-1970

3-Lucie Brown 1888-1911

4-Trudie Brown 1890-1911

5-Rufus C Brown 1894-1918

6-Tee Brown 1897-1961

Hattie Mae Brown's father was Terrell Beauregard Brown 1861-1897. He was killed and robbed at his store April 20, 1897. His body was never found. He married Savannah A Carden 1854-1944. 

Terrell’s father was John T Brown born in 1834. Nothing else can be found on the family.

2nd Great Grandmother on the Brown side Savannah Adeline Carden born in 1854 in Beards, Pickens, Alabama. She died in 1944 in Pickens County, Alabama. 

3rd Great Grandfather John Berry Carden 1807-1874. He married 3rd Great Grandmother Mary Ann Sanders 1822-1880 from Pickens County, Alabama.

The Carden’s go back to the 1500’s. Back to 12th Great Grandfather Sir Thomas Cawarden Born in 1529 in London, England. He died in 1559 in East Horsley, Surrey, England. 

2nd Great Grandmother Elvira Olivia Richards born in Pickens County, Alabama in 1830. She died early in 1860. She was Abner D Henderson’s first wife. Abner D Henderson married second Louisa J Sigmar born in 1841 and died in 1860.

. 

Aunt Mary Frances Cunningham born in El Paso, Texas in 1926. She died in El Paso, Texas in 2018. 

 Mary Frances Cunningham Family Side

Robert Elmore Cunningham born in Alabama in 1896. He died in 1980 in El Paso, Texas.

Mary Smith born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi in 1899. She died in 1988 in Texas.

Sylvester Fosdick Cunningham Sr born in Shorts Landing, Alabama. Born in 1860 in Shorts Landing, Alabama. He died in 1945 in Mobile, Alabama. 

Mary Olive Verneuille born in 1867 in Mobile, Alabama. She died in Mobile, Alabama in 1955. They had 5 children 

I-Neander Douglas Cunningham 1892-1958

II-Mitchell Cuyler Cunningham 1894-1987

III-Ruth Cunningham 1899-1996

IV-Grace Hope Cunningham 1902-1988

V-Sylvester Fosdick Cunningham Jr 1904-

Robert Culbertson Cunningham born in 1824 and died in 1862. Lived in Mobile, Alabama 

Martha C Gascoigne Born in 1831 in New York. She died in 1900 in Mobile, Alabama. They had 3  children 

I-Robert Henry Cunningham 1852-1853

II-Carrie G Cunningham 1857-1857

Robert Cunningham 

Abigail Williams was born in 1794 and died in 1850.

Lieutenant Colonel James Cunningham 1750-1830

Iverson Smith born in Pike County, Mississippi in 1858. Unknown on Death.

Seth Williams 1757-1817 Massachusetts & Maine

Zilpha Ingraham 1761-1845 Maine

Jeremiah Ingraham Jr 1733-1813 Massachusetts & Maine

Abigail Hartwell 1733-1827 Maine

Charles Gascoigne 1794-1857 Sheffield, England

Deborah Post Douglass 1795-1843 New York

James Bamberg Gascoigne 1785-1858 Liverpool, England 

Martha Whitaker 1756-1834 England

Sir Charles Gascoigne 1738-1806 Russia

Mary Garbet 1736- England

John B Verneuille 1836-1914 Alabama

Ellen Caldwell 1837-1917 Georgia 

Louis A Verneuille 1801-1863 France 

Maria Dezecure Virginia Mariah 1806-1868 France

Denis Verneuille 1762-1802 Belgium

Angélique Charlotte Jacinthe 1781-1851 France

James Thomas Burchfield 1776-1862 South Carolina 

Rebecca Jane Gilbert 1780-1862 South Carolina 

James Burchfield 1732-1800 Maryland

Rebekah Owings 1746-1803 Maryland

Burchfield’s go back to Thomas Burchfield of England born in 1550.

Iverson Eugene Smith 1858-1936 Mississippi 

Johnnie Wilson 1876-1967 Mississippi 

Jasper R Smith 1828-1862 Mississippi 

Mary M Holmes 1836-1882 Mississippi 

George N Smith 1782-1833 South Carolina 

Clarissa Dillon 1799-1886 South Carolina 

James Dillon -1791

Mary Ann Smith 1723-1775 Ireland

Richard Jefferson Wilson 1850-1915 Mississippi 

Francis Ann Smith 1849-1938 Mississippi 

John D Wilson 1827-1863 Mississippi 

Louis Jane Wilson 1835-1910 Virginia 

Lott Wilson 1800-1862 Georgia 

Amelia Millie Denman 1804-1836 Mississippi 

David McLaughlin 1733- Georgia 

Mary Scores born in 1730 on the Cherokee Indian Reservation in Georgia. 

James L Foyle 1700-1771 Ireland

Jane Harding 1700-1771 England

William Menteith 1490-1547 Scotland 

Agnes Ershine 1466-1490 Scotland 

Sir William Menteith of Kerse 1575-1619 Scotland

Jeanne Bruce 1582-1640 Scotland She goes back to Robert The Bruce.

3rd Great Grandmother Sarah Ann Bishop 1790-1863 Pickens County, Alabama. 

Nicholas Bishop II 1725-1787 Delaware

Hannah Bracken 1728-1781 Delaware

Thomas Bracken 1695-1780 England

Martha Green 1701-1783 Delaware

Robert Bracken 1610- England 

Margaret Relmshen 1610-1644 England

William Bracken 1528-1602 England

Jone “Jane” Burton 1525-1579 England

Richard Burton 1495-1573 England

Ellen Hudson 1497-1579 England

William de Burton 1327-1382 England

Maud Curteis 1330-1391 England

Adam de Burton 1248-1321 England

Jana de Mortimer 1255- England 

Richard de Burton 1102-1162 England 

William Fitz Richard Lord of Galloway, 2nd Baron of Cardinham, Earl of Cornwall 1084-1130 England 

An Nora de Montaigne 1085-1130

**John Sigman 1823- 3rd GGF North Carolina 

Nancy 1801- 

**George Sigman 1795-1880 4th GGF North Carolina 

**Terrell Beauregard Brown 1861-1897 2nd GGF Mississippi 

Savannah A Carden 1854-1944

**John Berry Carden 1807-1874 3rd GGF South Carolina 

Mary Ann Sanders 1822-1880

**Jordan A Carden 1779-1826 4th GGF South Carolina 

Hattie Mae Watson 1783-1846

**Leonard Carden 1755-1823 5th GGF Virginia 

Catherine 1764-1798

**John James Carden Sr 1702-1785 6th GGF Virginia 

Phyllis Woodbanks 1724-1785

**John Carden I 1655-1739 7th GGF Ireland

Mary Ann Parker 1667-1703

**Robert Carden 1630-1684 8th GGF England

Elizabeth Moss 1634-1688

**John Carden 1602-1685 9th GGF England

Joanne E Grante 1604-1688

**John Carden 1575-1620 10th GGF England

Bobete Diggle 1574-

**John Carden 1555-1620 11th GGF England

Judith Empson 1560-

**Sir Thomas Cawarden (Name Change) 1529-1559 12th GGF England

Elizabeth 1535-1574

**William Cawarden 1510-1559 13th GGF England

Bridget Plantagenet 1513-1558

**Dr Ezekiel Sanders 1797-1880 4th GGF South Carolina 

Elizabeth 1796-1873

**William T G Sanders 1772-1860 5th GGF South Carolina 

Sally Nix 1750-1832

**Ezekiel Sanders 1750-1822 6th GGF South Carolina 

Catherine Moore 1750-1822

**Thomas Sanders 1738-1802 7th GGF North Carolina 

**Nathaniel Sanders 1708-1731 8th GGF Virginia 

Rosanna Davis 1698-1765

STORIES BEHIND THE 

HENDERSON FAMILY

On our Henderson side of the family it started in Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland with 21st Great Grandfather Sir Colonel Robert Henryson I born in 1240. The family stayed in Scotland until 8th Great Grandfather Robert Henderson born in 1631 of Fidel Castle, Fife, Scotland came to America. He arrived in New York, New York in 1664. He died in New Kent, Virginia shortly after in 1665. 

Then we have 7th Great Grandfather Thomas A Henderson 1653-1709 who came from Dumfries, Scotland to Jamestown, Virginia in 1706. Then moved to Albemarle County, Virginia. He had a son named Robert Henderson which was 6th Great Grandfather. Robert came from Ireland to Pennsylvania. 

Robert had a son Nathaniel Henderson 5th Great Grandfather. He was born in West Nantmeal Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Nathaniel moved to York, South Carolina where he died.

Nathaniel had a son named Daniel Henderson 1760-1847. 4th Great Grandfather. He was born in Yorkville, York County, South Carolina. Daniel moved to Pickens County, Alabama in the very early 1800’s. He died in Pickens County, Alabama.

Daniel’s son Robert Henderson 1796-1868 3rd Great Grandfather came from York County, South Carolina to Pickens County, Alabama in 1822. 

Robert and Sarah Ann Bishop we’re married in Pendleton, South Carolina in 1817. They came byway to Pickens County through Georgia. James Lewis Henderson 1821-1891 was born on the wagon train on the way. They settled off highway 17 north of Carrollton, Alabama in Pickens County. 

2nd Great Grandfather Abner Daniel Henderson 1822-1897 was born in Pickens County, Alabama. 

His son Great Grandfather Rufus Abner Henderson 1882-1969 was born in Pickens County, Alabama. Rufus married Hattie Mae Brown in 1909 and they had 7 children. 

Ila Henderson McGahey 1910

Mary I Henderson 1910

Rufus C Henderson 1919-

Nannie Henderson McShan 1916-

Dr Joe B Henderson 1921-2011

Grandmother Audie Lee Henderson Richards 1913-1994

Now we are in the year 2020. 

Robert Henderson and Francis Henderson

Scott Henderson and Kirsten Henderson Duncan

Henryson or Henderson the First - the VI came from Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland. All 6 generations lived in Fordell Castle in Inverkeithing. It was named after Sir John Henderson. He built the home as his Town House. 

The earliest charter in the Henderson of Fordell papers dates from 1217, when Richard, son of Hugh de Camera, with consent of his wife and son, (also) Richard, granted small parts of the lands of Fordell to the Abbey of Inchcolm. 

By 1240, William de Hercht held the lands of Fordell. Sir William de Erth was the Lord of Fordell in 1428. The Fordell lands were divided into fractional portions following William de Erth's death. John Henrisoun was serving as sergeant of Fordell by 1465. 

In 1510-1512, James (M. Jacobo) Henrysoun (Henderson), burgess of Edinburgh, and his wife, Elene (née Baty), redeemed from mortgage his inherited fractional portion of the Fordell estate and purchased fractional parts of the lands of Fordell (Fordalis) from at least five others. The land was consolidated into a barony granted by King James IV in 1511. 

It is not known when the original castle structure was constructed, but the main entrance tower is believed to date from the 1400s. James Henderson, 3rd of Fordell, started to extend the castle in 1566. 

In 1568 the castle was damaged by fire, then rebuilt. Evidence of the fire can be seen to the left of the main entrance tower. 

Mary, Queen of Scots, is said to have stayed here when Marion Scott, one of her ladies-in-waiting, married George Henderson, the laird. 

During the late 16th century, the Hendersons began working the estate's rich coal seams that came to form the basis of the estate economy. 

Sir John Henderson rebuilt St Theriot's Chapel in 1650 for use as a family mausoleum. The castle was damaged by Oliver Cromwell's army troops garrisoned at the castle in 1651. 

The Hendersons became baronets in 1694 during the reign of Charles II. 

In the 19th century, the family built a large, new mansion – Fordell House – nearby. Fordell House was demolished in the 20th century, and there is now little visible evidence of its existence. 

In the 19th century, Fordell Castle was rarely occupied; the main hall is said to have been converted into a stable for a time. George Mercer-Henderson modernized the castle and installed the gates. The north front was rebuilt in 1855 (designed by Robert Hay). 

In 1953, John Hampden Mercer-Henderson, 8th Earl of Buckinghamshire, divided the nearly 2000-acre estate, selling the land to the west of Fordell Burn. The walled garden at Pittodrie was sold for use as a commercial nursery. 

Author James Henderson CBE (no relation), purchased the estate in 1953. He restored the castle to a good standard and it was inhabited for the first time since 1726. Fordell was acquired in 1961 by the controversial lawyer and Conservative politician Sir Nicholas Fairbairn (1933–1995). The castle was restored and used as a private residence by Sir Nicholas and his wife Lady Sam Fairbairn. Following his death in 1995, Nicholas Fairbairn was laid to rest in the crypt below the Chapel of St Theriot on the castle grounds. 

About 1995, the property was acquired by Dr. Lorraine Inglis and her husband, local veterinarian Bill Inglis. About 1999, the property was purchased by Andrew Berry, a businessman who made extensive, high-quality restorations of the castle, chapel, and grounds. In November 2007, Fordell Castle was sold for £3,850,000 to Stuart Simpson, the 17th Baron of Fordell, making it the fifth-highest-priced home ever sold in Scotland.

Robert Henryson (Middle Scots: Robert Henrysoun) was a poet who flourished in Scotland in the period c. 1460–1500. Counted among the Scots makars, he lived in the royal burgh of Dunfermline and was a distinctive voice in the Northern Renaissance at a time when the culture was on a cusp between medieval and renaissance sensibilities. Little is known of his life, but evidence suggests that he was a teacher who had training in law and the humanities, that he had a connection with Dunfermline Abbey and that he may also have been associated for a period with Glasgow University. His poetry was composed in Middle Scots at a time when this was the state language. It is one of the most important bodies of work in the canon of early Scottish literature.

The Firth of Forth which separates Fife (north) and the Lothians (south). Dunfermline is close to the principal crossing point on the Fife side.

His writing consists mainly of narrative works highly inventive in their development of story-telling techniques. He generally achieved a canny balance of humor and high seriousness which is often multi-layered in its effects. This is especially so in his Morall Fabillis, in which he expresses a consistent but complex world view that seems standard, on the surface, vis a vis the major ruling power of the church, while containing critical and questioning elements. This range is further extended in his Testament of Cresseid with its more tragic vision. Overall, his themes and tone convey an attractive impression of humanity and compassionate intellect. He was a subtle rhetorician and remains to this day one of the finest in the Scots language.

Although his writing usually incorporated a typically medieval didactic purpose, it also has much in common with other artistic currents of northern Europe which were generally developing, such as the realism of Flemish painting, the historical candour of Barbour or the narrative skepticism of Chaucer. An example is his subtle use of psychology to convey individual character in carefully dramatized, recognizable daily-life situations which tend to eschew fantastic elements.

Figure in Abbot House which purports to imagine Henryson; more strictly speaking, the image depicts Aesop as portrayed in Henryson's Morall Fabillis

Dunfermline Abbey from a 17th-century engraving which gives a more complete impression of the original building complex than survives today.

His surviving body of work amounts to almost exactly 5000 lines.

Henryson's surviving canon consists of three long poems and around twelve miscellaneous short works in various genres. The longest poem is his Morall Fabillis, a tight, intricately structured set of thirteen fable stories in a cycle that runs just short of 3000 lines. Two other long works survive, both a little over 600 lines each. One is his dynamic and inventive version of the Orpheus story and the other, his Testament of Cresseid, is a tale of moral and psychological subtlety in a tragic mode founded upon the literary conceit of "completing" Criseyde's story-arc from Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde.

The range of Henryson's shorter works includes a highly original pastourelle on a theme of love, as well as a bawdy passage of comic flyting which targets the medical practices of his day, a highly crafted and compressed poem of Marian devotion, some allegorical works, some philosophical meditations, and a prayer against the pest. As with his longer works, his outward themes often carry important subtexts.

Constructing a sure chronology for Henryson's writings is not possible, but his Orpheus story may have been written earlier in his career, during his time in Glasgow, since one of its principal sources was contained in the university library. Internal evidence has been used to suggest that the Morall Fabillis were composed during the 1480s.

Henryson wrote using the Scots language of the 15th century. This was in an age when the use of vernacular languages for literature in many parts of Europe was increasingly taking the place of Latin, the long-established lingua franca across the continent.

(The story lines are not misspelled, the way it was spelled in the 15th century)

Long Works

• The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian 

The Tale of Orpheus and Eurydice his Queen

The Testament of Cresseid

Short Works

• Robene and Makyne

Sum Practysis of Medecyne

The Annuciation

Ane Prayer for the Pest

The Garment of Gud Ladeis

The Bludy Serk

The Thre Deid-Pollis

Against Hasty Credence

The Abbay Walk

The Praise of Age

The Ressoning Betwix Aige and Yowth

The Ressoning Betwix Deth and Man

Seven of the stories in Henryson's cycle are Aesopian fables derived from elegiac Romulus texts, while the other six (given in italics) are Reynardian in genre. The three titles given with bold numbers provide evidence for the integral unity of the overall structure.

01 The Cock and the Jasp

02 The Twa Mice

03 The Cock and the Fox

04 The Confession of the Tod

05 The Trial of the Tod

06 The Sheep and the Dog

07 The Lion and the Mouse

08 The Preaching of the Swallow

09 The Fox the Wolf and the Cadger

10 The Fox the Wolf and the Husbandman

11 The Wolf and the Wether

12 The Wolf and the Lamb

13 The Paddock and the Mouse

“1st Baron of Fordell” and Kings Advocate Sir James Henderson 1450-1513. Married Helen Baty on 21 March 1486 in East Lothian, Scotland. He died 9 September 1513 in Battle at Flodden Field, Northumberland, England. 

King James IV died at Flodden on 9 September 1513

Scotland's King James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden 500 years ago. But what became of his body after the massacre?

Earlier this year, the discovery of the body of Richard III, killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, beneath a car park in Leicester was front-page news.

The obvious implication, that finding long lost kings was a piece of cake, has led to me being repeatedly asked if I am going to look for the body of James IV.

His corpse, disfigured by arrow and bill, was identified after the battle and taken to Berwick, where it was embalmed and placed in a lead coffin before being transported to London.

The recipient of this gory package was Catherine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII, and in charge of the family business while the English king fought in France.

She, in turn, sent the dead king's surcoat, blood-stained and slashed, to her husband with the recommendation that he use it as a war banner.

Obvious choice

As time passed however and Henry returned from France, there was the question of what to do with the troublesome Scottish king's body.

The obvious solution would have been to bury it, with the monastery of Sheen in Richmond upon Thames, where it was residing, being the obvious choice for James's grave.

It wasn't as simple as that though, as prior to Flodden, the Scottish king had been excommunicated from the church as punishment for breaking the Truce of Perpetual Peace, which was signed between Scotland and England in 1502 and strengthened by the marriage of James to Henry VIII's sister, Margaret Tudor.

In reality the excommunication was in retaliation for James's support of the French, who were at war with the Papacy of which England was an ally at the time.

Under these circumstances a proper burial in consecrated ground was out of the question.

So it was that the body of James was left to moulder in the woodshed of Sheen monastery, even after the Pope had granted permission for burial.

Eventually, the desiccated corpse was forgotten about and by some act of carelessness the head became detached.

The story then goes, for there isn't much hard evidence for some of this, that workmen played football with it, some time after which it was nabbed as a trophy by Elizabeth I's master glazier, who took it home.

It is not hard to imagine his wife growing tired of a musty old head cluttering up the place and insisting he get rid of it.

Whatever the reason for disposing of it, the head was taken to Great St Michael's Church in Wood Street in the city of London, where it was dumped into a charnel pit, the last resting place of stray bones and crypt sweepings.

The monastery of Sheen was eventually demolished after the Dissolution, and whether the king's headless corpse was buried there we shall probably never know, not least because looking for it would involve digging up a golf course.

Nothing lasts forever, and the church in Wood Street was also done away with and today, after several redevelopments, the site is occupied by a pub.

It was a sad, ignominious end for one of Scotland's most charismatic warrior kings, but perhaps it is he who will have the last laugh, especially if an archaeologist should be foolhardy enough to go looking for him, as the pub under which his head is said to rest is not called The King's Head, but The Red Herring.

The greatest battle of these conflicts took place in 1513, just south of the village of Branxton in Northumberland. This was the Battle of Flodden.

The Road to War

In the early 16th century, the Scottish and English royal families were bound together by blood. King James IV of Scotland was married to Margaret Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII of England who had inherited the English throne in 1509.

But politics put them in opposition. Border raids and semi-official naval conflict saw blood spilled between the two nations.

 

Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England, sister of Henry VIII, wife of James IV of Scotland and mother of James V.

 

James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England, sister of Henry VIII, wife of James IV of Scotland and mother of James V.

In 1511, Henry VIII joined England to the Holy League, an alliance between Spain, Venice, and the Papal States fighting against France. Scotland had a long-standing friendship with the French, known as the Auld Alliance, and in 1512 James IV renewed this pact. England and Scotland were now on opposite sides of a war.

By the summer of 1513, James had promised that, if England invaded France, he would invade England, and in doing so try to draw Henry’s forces away from his allies. In June, Henry crossed the Channel, and so James began preparations to fulfill his pledge.

In August, James assembled an army near Edinburgh. Drawn from all over Scotland, it also featured a French contingent under the Count d’Aussi, sent to teach the Scots modern military techniques.

Henry VIII of England

Marching to Battle

James set out with an army that probably amounted to around 40,000 men, a quarter of whom would desert with their loot before they even faced the English. They took with them 17 artillery pieces, superior to those the English would bring.

The army marched south, seizing the castles of Northam, Etal, and Ford. Etal was not properly fortified, and James made sure to damage the other two, to make them less useful to his enemies in the future.

Meanwhile, the Earl of Surrey, left in charge of England’s defense by Henry, mustered his own army. With the main force of English soldiery in France, he drew men from across the north of England, many of whom had long experience fighting Scottish raiders.

 

Flodden Field Panorama

The army totaled around 26,000 men, mostly armed with bows or bills. There was some irregular cavalry, but little heavy cavalry or artillery.

In early September, the Scots took up position on Flodden Hill, between the villages of Flodden and Branxton in Northumberland.

Surrey was in communication with James, trying to convince him to leave this strong position to fight elsewhere. But James recognized the value of what he had. If Surrey wanted to move him, he would have to force the Scottish king’s hand.

Knight attacks

The Battle of Flodden

On the 9th of September, Surrey divided his army into two columns, each with two parts. All crossed the River Till to be on the same side as the Scots. It is likely that this division was done to make the crossing easier, though it made them vulnerable to being picked off piece by piece.

Having crossed the river and got around the Scottish flanks, the English lined up around Branxton.

Seeing the English maneuvers, James realized that his opponents might take the high ground on Branxton Hill. Though not as advantageous as Flodden Hill, this would still give the English good defensive ground. Rather than let that happen, James marched his men down off Flodden Hill onto Branxton Hill.

Medieval Knights in a fight

The Scots advanced onto the hill in five columns, four at the front and one held in reserve.

The battle began with an artillery bombardment by both sides. This did little damage but unnerved soldiers on the Scottish left flank. Rather than stand and be shot at, they charged down the hill and into the English right.

Despite its impetuous nature, this charge initially went well for the Scots. They almost broke the right-hand English formation, which was saved from total disaster by the small reserve of cavalry. The Scottish left then set to looting, taking no further part in the battle.

Medieval soldiers on the battlefield

The Scottish center advanced, possibly because James wanted to capitalize on success on the left or because he could no longer hold his men back. It was a difficult march across wet ground, down one slope and up another, all while carrying 18-foot pikes.

Despite being bombarded by English artillery and archers, the Scots kept up the pace and soon hit the English center.

On the English left, Sir Edward Stanley’s column had arrived late to the battle. Seeing how the Scottish right flank held back, Stanley decided to tackle them before they could intervene in the center.

Half his force kept the Scots busy at the front while the other half attacked them in the flank. The Scottish right crumbled, most of them fleeing.

Medieval soldiers on the battlefield at historical reenactment

In the center, the Scots were struggling with their weapons. The pikes were a relatively new acquisition, one of the weapons the French had come to teach them about. Without proper training, the weapons were unwieldy. The English billmen cut through them, causing havoc among the Scottish infantry.

It was this fighting in the center that decided the day. There, the Scots fell in terrible numbers during two or more hours of fierce fighting. Most of their leaders were killed, including King James himself. By the time Stanley came charging into their rear, the battle was already lost.

On the 500th anniversary of the battle a minute’s silence for the town’s dead was observed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.Photo: Kim Traynor CC BY-SA 3.0

Counting the Cost

The English dead at Flodden were counted in their hundreds, the Scots in their thousands. Few men of importance on the English side died, while the Scots lost two dozen earls and barons, three bishops, and most critically their king.

Sir George Henderson 1480-1547 2nd Baron Fordell, Provost of Edinburgh. Married Katherine Adamson 1496-1539, 17 December 1517 in Fife, Scotland. 

The Right Honourable Lord Provost of Edinburgh is the convener of the City of Edinburgh local authority. They are elected by the city council and serve not only as the chair of that body, but as a figurehead for the entire city. They are also ex officio the Lord-Lieutenant of Edinburgh. They are equivalent in many ways to the institution of Mayor that exists in many other countries.

List of Lords Provost in Edinburgh City Chambers

While some of Scotland's local authorities elect a Provost, only the four main cities (Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee) have a Lord Provost. In Edinburgh this position dates from 1667, when Charles II elevated the Provost to the status of Lord Provost, with the same rank and precedence as the Lord Mayor of London.

Thomas Henderson, of Jamestown, Va., 1607, was born in Scotland, a son Richard, married Polly Washer, and lived in Hanover Co. 

Samuel, one of several children (b 1700), married a little Welsh girl, Elizabeth Williams, aged about thirteen. He settled in Granville Co., N. C, and founded a very large and prominent branch of the family. 

His son, bearing the same name, removed to Kentucky at an early day where he assisted in the rescue of Jemima Boone and Elizabeth Callaway from the Indians and on the following day (7, Aug. 1776) he and Elizabeth Callaway were married. Their daughter, Fanny 29 May 1777, was the first white child born in the State of Kentucky, of parents married in that State. 

Another son of Samuel Henderson Sr., was Judge Richard, who was appointed one of the two Associate Judges of North Carolina in 1768 by Gov. Tyron. Judge Henderson was President of the Transylvania Company, which, with Daniel Boone, Messrs. Hart and others, he organized. It was one of the greatest land companies ever in operation and comprised nearly the whole of Kentucky. Judge Henderson married Elizabeth Keeling, step-daughter of his kinsman, Judge Williams, and among his children were: Judge Leonard Henderson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of N. C. ; John Lawson Henderson, Clerk of Supreme Court; Richard, and Archibald, great-grand father of Prof. Archibald Henderson, Ph. D., of the University of North Carolina . Gov. Alexander Martin of N. C. was of this family. Thomas Henderson was also the ancestor of the several generations of Nathaniel Hendersons, who removed to Alabama in 1818. A descendant,. Hon. Charles Henderson, is now the chief executive of that State. 

A similar account is given in a family history published by Lucy Henderson Horton in 1922. As authority, Mrs. Horton cites a manuscript written by Thomas Henderson of Mt. Penson, now in the hands of Thomas McCorry, attorney at law, Jackson, Tenn.” and also the McCue book cited above.

Like McCue, Mrs. Horton asserts that Thomas Henderson, who came to Jamestown in the initial settlement in 1607, moved from Jamestown to Blue Springs and that one of his sons, Richard Henderson, married Polly Washer, daughter of Ensign Washer. Richard and Polly are said to have had four sons--Edward, Samuel, Nathaniel and Leonard--and one daughter, who married a man by the name of Travillian, who moved to South Carolina.*

Robert Henderson had at least two sons, Thomas and James. Thomas married Ursula   Keeling and they had, at least five children: Edward, Thomas, Ursula, Samuel, and Richard. Incidentally, the Keelings were a large and prominent Virginia family, and there are several marriages between the Hendersons and Keelings down through the years. Thomas married a second time to Sara Wilkerson in 1690, but we have no record of any offspring.

We descend through Richard. He left a Will in 1748 in Cumberland County, Virginia. It identifies daughters, Mary and Henrietta, and sons, James, Nathaniel and Samuel. James married Violet Lawson and they became the grandparents of that noble and illustrious General James Hinckey Henderson of the Army of the Republic of Texas and also the first General of the State of Texas when it joined the Union. 

Sir Charles Gascoigne was on the Mary Francis Cunningham Henderson side of the family. Aunt Mary’s Great Grandfather Robert C Cunningham 1824-1862 married Martha C Gascoigne 1831-1900. 

Sir Charles Gascoigne born in England in 1738. He died in 1806 in Kolpino, Saint Petersburg, Russia. He is buried in Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia. 

Charles Gascoigne (1738–1806) was a British industrialist at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. He was a partner and manager of the Carron Company ironworks in its early years, but left in 1786, before the company's success became obvious, to reorganize the production of iron and cannon in Russia. He remained in Russia for 20 years, until his death.

Charles Gascoigne

Born

1738

Died

1 August 1806

Nationality

British

Occupation

Businessman

Parent(s)

Captain Woodroffe Gascoigne

Grizel Elphinstone

Relatives

Charles Elphinstone, 9th Lord Elphinstone (maternal grandfather)

He worked for the British East India Company and as a partner in "Coney and Gascoigne'', a firm of drysalters in London. He married Mary, the daughter of Samuel Garbett, at St Martin's, Birmingham, in 1759. Garbett was a founding partner in the Carron Company, also founded in 1759, and Gascoigne became a partner in the ironworks in 1765, having been manager of Garbett's nearby turpentine factory, Garbett & Co., since 1763.

When he joined the Carron Company only six years after it was founded, it was still suffering from problems with the quality of its iron. Nevertheless, the Board of Ordnance had granted it a lucrative contract to supply armaments to the British armed forces in 1764. He became managing partner of the ironworks in 1769, taking over from William Cadell, Jr, the son of William Cadell, another founder of the works.

He introduced many improvements in the company's techniques of production, and devoted considerable effort to increasing the quality of its work. Despite (or perhaps because of) Gascoigne's influence, the Carron Company and Garbett's other enterprises remained in a difficult financial position. Garbett & Co. collapsed under the weight of debts in 1772, harming Gascoigne's relationship with his father-in law. The Board of Ordnance eventually withdrew their contract with Carron Company for long guns in 1773, as a result of concerns over the poor quality of their workmanship

The company received a royal charter to incorporate as the Carron Company in 1773. However, despite his efforts, the quality of the company's products had remained low. After the company's contracts to supply the Royal Navy were cancelled in 1773, the company's cannon were removed from all naval vessels.

Undeterred, he also pushed forward the development of a new type of cannon, originally known as the "Gasconade" or "Melvillade", but better known by its later name, the "Carronade". The carronade was designed as a short-range naval weapon with a low muzzle velocity, and is said to have been invented by Lieutenant General Robert Melville in 1759. It was developed by Gascoigne from 1769 to 1779. It was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779.

Easily identified by its considerably shortened barrel, the carronade had the same calibre as a long gun, but contained much less metal and so was much lighter, enabling naval vessels to carry many more carronades than long guns. The resulting short range was not a problem as a result of the close-to broadside tactics employed at the time. The new weapon was a considerable success (earning the nickname "The Smasher" by Royal Navy crews) and remained in production from 1778 through to the 1850s. In addition to the Royal Navy, the company also supplied armaments to governments outside the UK, including weapons supplied to the embryonic United States which were used against Britain in the War of 1812.

A bust of Karl Gaskoin" in Luhansk, Ukraine, a city of which he is considered to be the founder, having established an iron foundry there in 1795.

In the 1770s and 1780s, the British government was involved in a programme to render military assistance to the Russian Empire. A steam engine, designed by John Smeaton and manufactured by the Carron Company, was ordered by Charles Knowles (then working for the Russians) and was sent to Russia in 1774, together with a supply of coal and Carron workmen.

In 1784, Knowle's successor, Admiral Samuel Greig, ordered guns for the Russian Navy from the Carron Company. In an effort to improve Catherine the Great's weapons foundry at Petrozavodsk, the Russians also ordered a large quantity of plant and equipment. The British government tried to prevent the company from supplying this cutting-edge military technology; nonetheless, Gascoigne delivered the Russians' orders. Then, in May 1786, he travelled to Kronstadt to supervise the installation works at the Aleksandrovsky foundry, accompanied by workers from the Carron Company. He was also accompanied by Charles Baird, Adam Armstrong, and Alexander Wilson. Gascoigne was in financial trouble at the time, having been declared bankrupt.

Gascoigne was to remain in Russia for twenty years, where he became known as Karl Karlovich Gaskoin (Карл Гаскойн). He became a State Councillor and a Knight of Saint Vladimir, received the Order of St Anne, 1st and 2nd classes, received the rank of Councillor of State, and was head of all mines and foundries in Karelia, including the mines at Petrozavodsk (Olonets Province, Russia). He improved many existing Russian iron foundries and built new ones, and also advanced the Russian's cannon-manufacturing techniques. He established the first machine presses at the Saint Petersburg Mint, although the project was ultimately compl

He had three daughters by his first wife: Anne, who married Thomas Hamilton, 7th Earl of Haddington, in 1786; Elizabeth, who married an MP, George Augustus Pollen; and another, who married Poltoratsky.

He married his second wife, Anastasia Jessie Guthrie (1782-1855), daughter of Dr. Matthew Guthrie, in 1797, when she was only 15, and he was 59.

His reputation has undergone many revisions. In Britain, he was seen as a traitor. In Russia, particularly in the Soviet period, he was suspected as a self-seeking capitalist and an industrial spy.

Charles Gascoigne was born in England. His father was Captain Woodroffe Gascoigne, who was deployed in Scotland after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. His mother was Grizel, eldest daughter of Charles Elphinstone, 9th Lord Elphinstone and his wife Elizabeth Primrose.

Gascoigne worked for the British East India Company and as a partner in Coney and Gascoigne, a firm of drysalters in London.

He married Mary, the daughter of Samuel Garbett, at St Martin's, Birmingham, in 1759. Garbett was a founding partner in the Carron Company, also founded in 1759, and Gascoigne became a partner in the ironworks in 1765, having been manager of Garbett's nearby turpentine factory, Garbett and Co., since 1763.

Gascoigne had three daughters by his first wife: Anne, who married Thomas Hamilton, 7th Earl of Haddington, in 1786; Elizabeth, who married an MP, George Augustus Pollen; and another, who married Poltoratsky.

He married his second wife, Anastasia-Jessye, daughter of Dr. Matthew Guthrie, in 1797.

When Gascoigne joined the Carron Company only six years after it was founded, and it was still suffering from problems with the quality of its iron. Nevertheless, the Board of Ordnance had granted it a lucrative contract to supply armaments to the British armed forces in 1764. He became managing partner of the ironworks in 1769, taking over from William Cadell, Jr, the son of William Cadell, another founder of the works.

Gascoigne introduced many improvements in the company's techniques of production, and devoted considerable effort to increasing the quality of its work. Despite (or perhaps because of) Gascoigne's influence, the Carron Company and Garbett's other enterprises remained in a difficult financial position.

Garbett & Co. collapsed under the weight of debts in 1772, harming Gascoigne's relationship with his father-in-law. The Board of Ordnance eventually withdrew their contract with Carron Company for long guns in 1773, as a result of concerns over the poor quality of their workmanship

The company received a royal charter to incorporate as the Carron Company in 1773. However, despite Gascoigne's efforts, the quality of the company's products had remained low. After the company's contracts to supply the Royal Navy were cancelled in 1773, the company's cannon were removed from all naval vessels.

Undeterred, Gascoigne also pushed forward the development of a new type of cannon, originally known as the "Gasconade" or "Melvillade", but better known by its later name, the "Carronade". The carronade was designed as a short-range naval weapon with a low muzzle velocity, and is said to have been invented by Lieutenant General Robert Melville in 1759. It was developed by Gascoigne from 1769 to 1779. It was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779.

Easily identified by its considerably shortened barrel, the carronade had the same calibre as a long gun, but contained much less metal and so was much lighter, enabling naval vessels to carry many more carronades than long guns. The resulting short range was not a problem as a result of the close-to broadside tactics employed at the time. The new weapon was a considerable success (earning the nickname "The Smasher" by Royal Navy crews) and remained in production from 1778 through to the 1850s. In addition to the Royal Navy, the company also supplied armaments to governments outside the UK, including weapons supplied to the embryonic United States which were used against Britain in the War of 1812.

In the 1770s and 1780s, the British government was involved in a programme to render military assistance to the Russian Empire. A steam engine, designed by John Smeaton and manufactured by the Carron Company, was ordered by Charles Knowles (then working for the Russians) and was sent to Russia in 1774, together with a supply of coal and Carron workmen.

In 1784, Knowle's successor, Admiral Samuel Greig, ordered guns for the Russian Navy from the Carron Company. In an effort to improve Catherine the Great's weapons foundry at Petrozavodsk, the Russians also ordered a large quantity of plant and equipment. The British government tried to prevent the company from supplying this cutting-edge military technology; nonetheless, Gascoigne delivered the Russians' orders. Then, in May 1786, he travelled to Kronstadt to supervise the installation works at the Aleksandrovsky foundry, accompanied by workers from the Carron Company. He was also accompanied by Charles Baird, Adam Armstrong, and Alexander Wilson. Gascoigne was in financial trouble at the time, having been declared bankrupt.

Gascoigne was to remain in Russia for 20 years, where he became known as Karl Karlovich Gaskoin. He became a State Councillor and a Knight of Saint Vladimir, received the Order of St Anne, 1st and 2nd classes, received the rank of Councillor of State, and was head of all mines and foundries in Karelia, including the mines at Olonets. He improved many existing Russian iron foundries and built new ones, and also advanced the Russian's cannon-manufacturing techniques. He established the first machine presses at the Saint Petersburg Mint, although the project was ultimately completed by Matthew Bolton.

He died in July 1806 in Kolpino near St. Petersburg, and was buried in Petrozavodsk.

His reputation has undergone many revisions. In Britain, he was seen as a traitor. In Russia, particularly in the Soviet period, he was suspected as a self-seeking capitalist and an industrial spy.

FRANCIS STEUART A. SCOTTISH INFLUENCES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY. GLASGOW, 1913.

Catherine, however, took into her service another man from Scotland, and raised him to high honour in connection with her Ordnance. This was Sir Charles Gascoigne (his father was Captain Woodroffe Gascoigne, an Englishman sent to settle the Highlands of Scotland after 1746, and his mother was the Hon. Grizel Elphinstone, daughter; of Lord Elphinstone). He had been manager of the Carron Iron Company, which had become embarrassed. Then, luckily for himself, he received, through the medium and influence of Admiral Greig, an offer from the Empress to cast shells, guns and shoot for her army. Taking his workmen with him, he stole off fronji Scotland and went to Russia, where he formed a factory at Petrozo-vodsk, near Lake Onega, and also managed the mines of Olonetz. He flourished there (as did his successor Wilson, who was given the rank of General, and Charles Baird, who manufactured guns at Kronstadt and became a Knight of St. Vladimir, who both went out with him); was made a Councillor and a Knight of St Vladimir; and died, leaving a large fortune, at St Petersburg, 1st August, 1806. He had three daughters by his first wife, who were Anne, Countess of Haddington; Elizabeth, wife of George Augustus Pollen, Esquire, M.P., drowned at jMemel in 1808; and another, who married Baron Polterazki, and died at Petrozavodsk, nth December, 1795.

His second wife, married in 1797, who, to the charms of youth and beauty, unites the most elegant accomplishments and "manners," was Anastasia-Jessye, daughter of Dr. Matthew Guthrie (one of the Guthries of Hawkerton), a doctor from Edinburgh, Physician to the Noble Land Cadet Corps, and afterwards to the Emperor Paul, having gained the ear of the Russian CourtMary Arnold Massengale Lail Born in Bell, Texas in 1900. She died in Abilene, Texas in 1974. She was Mary Francis Henderson’s granddaughter. She was a great artist, but a lot is not known about her. 

Margaret Henderson Great Aunt

Birth: Birth estimated between 1549 and 1601

Death: December 1649 Tollbooth Prison, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Died in prison while waiting for her trial for witchcraft. 

Act and warrant to his majesty's advocate and the justice deputes to prosecute criminal letters and administer justice against Margaret Henderson

The estates of parliament, having heard and considered the supplication given to them by the general assembly of the church of Scotland, showing that where Margaret Henderson, lady Pittarrow, being accused by several persons who have suffered death for the crime of witchcraft to be a witch and that she has kept several meetings and abominable society with the devil, as is clear in many and various depositions emitted by other witches thereupon; and the said Margaret Henderson, fearing the stroke of justice in Inverkeithing where she lived, did retire herself quietly to this burgh of Edinburgh, where, in respect of the resort and confluence of all sorts of people from all parts of the kingdom, there she thought to have lurked and lain quiet; yet it pleased the almighty God to dispose in his providence that she is now apprehended and put in prison in the “Tolbooth'' of the said burgh of Edinburgh, where she presently remains, so that now there is nothing resting but a course to be taken for putting her to legal trial before the justice, according to the laws of this kingdom, that the land and this city may be freed of her and justice done upon her. They do earnestly recommend that the said estates would give warrant and command to the king's advocate to intend prosecution and follow forth criminal letters against the said Margaret Henderson before the justice for the said crime of witchcraft; as also that the said estates would give warrant and command to the justice general and his deputes to call and convene before them the said Margaret Henderson for the said crime of witchcraft and proceed in administering justice against her; and, if she be guilty of the said crime, to convict and condemn and cause put her to death. Which being taken into consideration by the said estates of parliament, they have recommended and recommend the said supplication, with the depositions of certain witches against the said Margaret Henderson, to Mr Thomas Nicolson, his majesty's advocate, and ordain him to intend and follow forth a criminal pursuit against her before the justice general and his deputes for the said crime of witchcraft; and give warrant and power to the said justice general and his deputes to call and convene before them the said Margaret Henderson for the said crime of witchcraft, and proceed and administer justice against her; and if she be guilty of the said crime of witchcraft, to convict and condemn her, pronounce sentence of death against, cause strangle her and burn her body and do every requisite in such cases.

Procedure: commission for the trial of some witches

Commission granted for trial of certain witches]†

The which day the estates of parliament find unanimously the sin of witchcraft daily increases in this land, therefore they have given and granted full power and commission for trying and putting to execution certain persons guilty of the crime of witchcraft, according to their depositions subscribed by the ministers and elders within the parishes of North Berwick, Bo'ness, Queensferry and Haddington.

Tolbooth Prison Edinburgh, Scotland 

The Bute witches were six Scottish women accused of witchcraft and interrogated in the parish of Rothesay on Bute during the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62. The Privy Council granted a Commission of Justiciary for a local trial to be held and four of the women

believed by historians to be Margaret McLevin, Margaret McWilliam, Janet Morrison and Isobell McNicoll, were executed in 1662; a fifth Margaret Henderson died while incarcerated. One woman, Jonet NcNicoll, escaped from prison before she could be executed but when she returned to the island in 1673.

James Pinckney Henderson 1808 in Lincolnton, Lincoln, North Carolina. Died in 1858 in Washington, District of Columbia, US. 

James Pinckney Henderson (March 31, 1808 – June 4, 1858) was a United States and Republic of Texas lawyer, politician, soldier, and the first Governor of the State of Texas.

James Pinckney Henderson

United States Senator

from Texas

In office

November 9, 1857 – June 4, 1858

Preceded by

Thomas Jefferson Rusk

Succeeded by

Matthias Ward

1st Governor of Texas

In office

February 19, 1846 – December 21, 1847

Lieutenant

Albert Clinton Horton

Succeeded by

George Tyler Wood

Minister to England and France Republic of Texas

In office

1837–1840

Personal details

Born

March 31, 1808

Lincolnton, North Carolina

Died

June 4, 1858 (aged 50)

Washington, D.C.

Nationality

American

Political party

Democratic

Spouse(s)

Frances Cox Henderson

Alma mater

University of North Carolina

Occupation

Lawyer, diplomat

Signature

He was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on March 31, 1808 to Lawson Henderson and his wife Elizabeth Carruth Henderson. His birthplace Woodside, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. After graduating from Pleasant Retreat Academy, Henderson enrolled as a law student at the University of North Carolina. Upon his graduation, he studied 18 hours a day to pass his bar exam and was admitted to the North Carolina State Bar in 1829.

Shortly after becoming a lawyer, Henderson served in the North Carolina militia, rising to the rank of colonel. In 1835, Colonel Henderson moved to Canton, Mississippi where he opened a law practice.

His attention soon turned to the Texas struggle against Mexico. Henderson began making speeches to raise money and an army to go to the aid of the Texas cause. Henderson and several volunteers traveled to Texas hoping to participate in the fight for independence. By the time the group arrived in June 1836, many of the major events had already taken place. The Texas Declaration of Independence had already been signed on March 2, and David G. Burnet was elected interim President of the new Republic of Texas on March 10. The Alamo had fallen on March 6, and Sam Houston had been victorious on April 21 at the Battle of San Jacinto. On May 14, 1836, Antonio López de Santa Anna has signed the Treaties of Velasco agreeing to withdraw his troops from Texas.Interim President Burnet commissioned Henderson as a Brigadier general in the Texas Army, with orders to return to North Carolina to raise troops to serve in Texas. This Henderson did at his own expense.

Sam Houston became President of the Republic of Texas on September 5, 1836, and appointed Henderson as the Republic's attorney general. In December of that same year, Henderson was named by Houston to replace the recently deceased Stephen F. Austin as Secretary of State for the Republic. In early 1837, Houston decreed Henderson as minister from the Republic of Texas to France at the Tuileries Palace, and to England at the Court of St. James's. During his tenure as minister, he was successful in securing the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Texas, and negotiated trade agreements with both countries.

In 1840, Henderson returned to Texas and set up a private law practice in San Augustine. He was sent to Washington, D.C. in 1844 to work in coordination with Isaac Van Zandt to secure the annexation of Texas to the United States. Although the annexation treaty was signed, it was rejected by the United States Senate, and Henderson was recalled to Texas. An annexation treaty approved the United States Senate was finally passed on December 29, 1845.

In preparation for anticipated statehood, the Texas gubernatorial election, 1845 elected Henderson as its first governor. He took office on February 19, 1846. When the Mexican–American War broke out in April of that year, Henderson took a leave of absence as governor to command a Texas volunteer cavalry division. He served with the rank of major general under Zachary Taylor. He returned home to resume his duties as governor, but did not run for a second term. He later served in the United States Senate from November 9, 1857 until his death on June 4, 1858.

Henderson's cenotaph at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C.

Henderson met his future wife Frances Cox when he represented the Republic of Texas as a minister to France and England. Cox was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and educated in Europe. She was a multi-linguist literary translator. On October 30, 1839, they were wed at St George's, Hanover Square. In 1840, the new couple established a residence and law office in San Augustine, Texas. The couple had five children, of which daughters Martha, Fanny and Julia lived to adulthood.

Henderson died in Washington, D.C. in 1858 while he was serving as senator for the State of Texas. He is buried at the Texas State Cemetery. After his death during the Civil War years, his widow and daughters moved to Europe. Martha died at age eighteen. Fanny married into the Austrian aristocracy. Julia married an American sugar-plantation owner. Frances Cox Henderson died in 1897 and is buried at Rosedale Cemetery in New Jersey, where she had been living with daughter Julia and son-in-law Edward White Adams.

Henderson County, which was established in 1846, and the city of Henderson, founded in 1843 in Rusk County, are named in his honor. James Pinckney Henderson Elementary School, in Houston, is named for him.

This book has a lot of information on the Henderson Family. There were 2 to 3 Henderson Families that came from North Carolina and South Carolina down South and turned west to Texas and settled in Anderson County, Texas. This book is the life of them and their names. There are 4 from this family that went there after they settled in Alabama. If you ever can find it BUY IT!!! Because it will not be there long. I’ve been trying to find one for a year or two now. 

This paper was out of the Thomas Henderson Bible. He married Elizabeth Ratchford. It is a list of his children and birthdays. This was written by Thomas Henderson in 1797.

John Henderson was born March 27, Monday Morning 1786

Nathaniel Henderson was born Sabbath evening November 11, 1787

Ann Henderson was born Thursday evening January 17, 1790

Mary Henderson was born Friday March 23, 1792

Elizabeth Henderson was born Sabbath Morning December 21,1794

Abigail Henderson was born Friday March 5, 1797

This is the same write up as above, but this one was done in 1939 as an Affidavit.

This is another Bible Recorded page from the Henderson/McGahey Bible.

John Bishop Henderson 1824-1910 born in South Carolina. From South Carolina he went to Mississippi where he met and married Sarah Ann Thornton 1835-1913. In 1850 they moved to Kickapoo, Anderson County, Texas. To this marriage  came 7 daughters named Susie, Donnie, Mattie, Amanda, Emma, Alice and Mary Tallulah and 1 son named Joseph Pinckney Henderson 1859-1952

In 1860 the John Bishop Henderson Family moved to Earth County, Texas crossing the Brazos River the year Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. They settled at the head of Rush Creek near the home of Dan Thornton, a brother of Mrs Henderson. 

To escape threats of Indian raids the family in 1878 moved to Palo, Pinto County, Texas. In 1881 moved south of Stephenville, Texas to a place on the Bosque River where they lived until all their children were grown. Deed records of Erath County reveal that during the year 1872 to 1876 Mr Henderson sold the properties he owned and in his later years he and his wife went to live with their oldest daughter, Mrs Edwards in Merkel, Texas until his death. Mrs Henderson spent her last years in the home of her son in Crandall, Texas. The only son the couple had, Joseph married Louisa Santo 1860-1934 on April 1, 1890. She was the daughter of Adam Santo who came from Germany to America at the age of 17. He had come to Texas in 1840 a single man and then started a family.

Nicholas Henderson born on 9 November 1818 in York County, South Carolina, son of John Robert Henderson and Sarah Ann Bishop Henderson 

Nicholas Henderson was a Presbyterian Minister, School Teacher and Rancher. 

In 1836, Nicholas received his license in Union Presbytery from Southern & Western Theological Seminary (now called Maryville College) in Maryville, Tennessee. In 1840 he went to Texas and preempted 320 acres in Smith County and then sold it in 1847. 

He married Mahalia Adams on 11 August 1847 in Rusk County, Texas. She was born October 23, 1822 in South Carolina to Lemuel and Elizabeth Brewer Adams. She died April 13, 1859 in Milam County, Texas. Nicholas and Mahalia lived at Turkey Creek and later moved to Brushy Creek in Milam County. Henderson Crossing still bears his name today. (look up Henderson Bridge) He donated land and built a schoolhouse at San Gabriel and was the first school teacher. There children were

Sam Houston 1848-1938

Finis Ewing 1850-1940

Sarah Elizabeth 1852-1947

Mary Ann 1856-1906

Robert Lemuel 1859-1944

In 1861, he moved his family to Bell County west of Temple, Texas. In 1863 they moved to Clear Creek 4 miles west of Killeen, Texas. Nicholas died in October 1869 and is buried in his home place now on West Fort Hood. In 1986 a “Citizen of Republic of Texas” was placed on his Grave.

There’s a bridge in Milam County, Texas that was named after Nicholas Henderson. It originally sat and crossed County Road 434 over Brushy Creek. It sits now at the Rockdale SkatePark as a Pedestrian Walkway. It’s an Warren Pony Truss Bridge built in 1901. 

There was another set of Henderson’s also from Scotland. William Henderson born in 1661 in Scotland. He married Katherine Wilson from Scotland who was born in 1651 and died in 1731. They married into the other side of the Henderson Family. Henderson's daughter married into the Dickson/Neely families. 

The Neely Family Henry and Elizabeth Neely were a part of the great 18th Century Scotch/Irish movement from Northern Ireland to Pennsylvania and then to North and South Carolina. Since Henry Neely did not receive Royal land grants for all the acreage he came to own, it would appear that he possessed sufficient money to purchase the land that he desired. This circumstance is so unusual that it calls for mention here. Most of the immigrants to the Carolina Piedmont were lacking in the funds with which to buy land; and, consequently, these pioneer settlers were wont to petition the King of England for land grants - and these were usually forthcoming, following a stated time for ripening of the grant. Henry Neely, it seems, was an immigrant of more than the usual wealth.Henry and Elizabeth Neely settled on lands that were thought to be in North Carolina (Anson County, then Mecklenburg). Later the area was found to be in the Province of South Carolina. We know the section today as Bethesda Section, located about 10 to 12 miles southwest of the city of Rock Hill.

The Neely's first came (about 1755) to the Wax-haws region, a large part of which is known today as Lancaster County, South Carolina. Then they crossed the Catawba River, going west and south, and moved to the Bethesda section of York County. One of the major creeks of York County - Neely's Creek - was named after Henry Neely, according to the words of the eminent 19th century historian of Upper South Carolina, the Rev. Robert Lathan, D.D.

Also, Henry is recorded as the first ruling elder of Bethesda Presbyterian Church, organized in 1769. There had been worship services for the people in the Bethesda neighborhood since the late 1750's, but the formal organization of the Church was not effected until 1769.

Henry and Elizabeth lived until after 1778. Their names were mentioned in the last will and testament of their son William Neely (my 4th great grandfather) in that year. At this time, it is unconfirmed that Henry and Elizabeth were the parents of  William Neely and his brothers and sisters. However, for now, we are assuming that this part of the information is correct. Following are the seven known children born (presumably) to Henry and Elizabeth Neely. While we are not positive that these children were Henry and Elizabeth's, we are quite positive that they are all brothers and sisters and related to my William Neely.

John, born 1722, married Elizabeth ?, died October 1783 and is buried at Fishing Creek Church Cemetery, Chester County, South Carolina.

Thomas - born c 1724 

Samuel - born 1726 in Mecklenburg, NC, married 1) Sarah, 2) Sarah Ferguson, had issue and died September 9, 1802 or 1803 in Maury Co, SC, buried Fishing Creek Church Cemetery, Chester County, South Carolina. 

James - born c 1729, married Martha?, died c 1793

William- born c 1730, married Margaret Patterson c 1753, had issue, died 1780 (killed by Indians in Tennessee). 

Robert - born c 1730 (twin of William?), married Martha, died 1793.

Margaret - born 1736, married Samuel McCance, had issue, died 1772, buried Fishing Creek Cemetery, Chester County, South Carolina.

There may have been others. Thomas, Samuel and William filed for land between 1753 and 1758. 

Henry and Elizabeth's son, William Neely and his wife Margaret (Patterson) Neely were among the first permanent settlers in what is now known as Chester County, South Carolina. When they moved to the area in about 1753, it was thought to be in Anson County, North Carolina. They were Scotch/Irish Presbyterians who had come from Pennsylvania down the Wilderness Trail through Virginia and on to South Carolina to make their home...then, on to Tennessee...Tennessee and the Watauga River Area - Tennessee is named from the Indian Tanasi, the name of a Cherokee Village on the Little Tennessee River.

The first European explorers found three major Indian Tribes living in the Tennessee area. The largest group, The Cherokee, lived to the east. To the south were The Shawnee; to the west, the Chickasaw. By 1800 the only Native Americans remaining in Tennessee were The Cherokee. The first European to visit what is now known as Tennessee was probably Hernando de Sota. In his journey westward from Florida, the Spanish explorer was believed to have camped at the site of Memphis in 1541. More than 100 years later, the French Explorer La Salle claimed the Mississippi Valley for France and named the region Louisiana for King Louis XIV. In 1682 he built Fort Preud'homme where Memphis stands today.

French control in Tennessee was challenged by the English during the 1700s. In 1750 Thomas Walker led a party of hunters through Cumberland Gap. Daniel Boone and others from the Atlantic Seaboard soon moved into the region. In 1756 to 57, the English built Fort Loudoun on the little Tennessee River southwest of Knoxville. At the close of the French and Indian war in 1763, Great Britain was awarded this entire region.

William Bean, a Virginian, started the first permanent White Settlement in Tennessee near the Watauga River in 1769. Other Settlers from Virginia, South and North Carolina entered into the Holston Valley, along the Nolichucky River. The settlers met in 1772 to form the Watauga Association, which is one of the earliest plans of self-government set up west of the Appalachians.

Fort Nashborough on the Cumberland River - Nashville dates from 1779 when a group of settlers under James Robertson built Fort Nashborough (in honor of the Revolutionary War General Francis Nash). These settlers, which included William Neely, were joined a year later by other families under the leadership of John Donelson. The settlement around the fort was incorporated as a town in 1784, was renamed Nashville and was named a city in 1806. Nashville became the permanent state capitol in 1843 and was occupied by Federal troops in 1862. The last major battle of the Civil War was fought outside the city in December 1864.

Note: Some of the information in this article was taken from the death notices that I have in my possession, and from copies of pages copied by, I believe, my Aunt, Betty Neely (widow of James C. Neely) from a biographical book called, "The History of Bell, McLennan and Coryell Counties in Texas," which was first published in 1894. Also, an article or book written by Charles Hundley, who is currently Superintendent of Schools in Abilene, TX., (as of September 1995).

It was information gleaned from Hundley's article by way of Pam Graham that told me that my gggg-grandfather's name was William Neely and that he came from North Carolina to Neely's Bend (Nashville, TN).Historical Marker - "Indian Captivity" Two miles east on the Cumberland River was Neely's Lick, later called Larkin's Sulphur Spring (now called Neely's Bend). Here, in the fall of 1780 William Neely was killed and his daughter Mary captured by Indians. Carried by her captors to Michigan, she escaped after three years, and made her way to New York State, and thence eventually to her home here." At the top of the marker there is a circle with three stars in it, and on one side it says 3A and on the other it says 55. At the very bottom, in tiny letters, it says "Tennessee Historical Commission."

Revolutionary War Record of William Neely - William Neely with a party of men led by Captain James Robertson, in the early spring of 1779 crossed the Cumberland Mountains and planted a field of corn where the city of Nashville Tennessee now stands. Soon after in July or August of 1780, William Neely was killed by Indians at Neely's Bend. In 1784, the State of North Carolina granted Captain Robertson 640 acres of land for his services in the Revolutionary War against the Indian Allies of the Government of Great Britain. The heirs of William Neely received 640 acres of land without price. The following information is *also* taken from the works of Maude (Neely) Paulus of Houston Texas and William White, Jr. of Rock Hill SC. In the meantime, I have found another (confirmed) *cousin* by the name of Matt Ward who had written to me this past April. At that time, we could not make a connection, but it turns out that his ancestor, Samuel Neely was the brother of my 4th great grandfather William Neely.Before The Watuga and The Tennessee Valley - John Simpson, a very methodical man, and pastor of Fishing Creek Presbyterian Church (Chester County) visited each family once a year to teach Catechism and he kept a list of those he taught. On December 12, 1774 he visited the William and Margaret Neely family, and records show that he listed six of their children, the others were either too young or not yet born.

My Fourth Great-Grandfather, William Neely. It is not known why William wanted to go to the new territory, but it was probably the cheap land and glowing accounts of fertile valley that swayed him. Indians had been a way of life in Chester for a number of years, but the nearby Catawba Indians were now quiet peaceable; the war was far away, and the area had not yet been disturbed by it. In 1778 William sold his land to his brother Samuel and prepared to take his family further west.First he moved his family to the Watauga Area of Northeast Tennessee where a permanent settlement was living in peace with the Indians. In 1779 he left his family and went with Captain James Robertson to look for a new place to settle and make preparations for food and safe lodging.

The Dickson Family is a well known Military Family. 

"Colonel JOHN DICKSON, born in Ireland, came to America about the year 1736 and is located in Chester County, Pennsylvania where he lived for a few years. He then lived for a short time in Maryland and located permanently in Dublin (then New Hanover) County, North Carolina, about the year 1744. His home place was on Elder, a branch of Maxwell Creek, and was purchased by him in two or more tracts from Captain Archibald Douglass, of the Kingdom of Great Britain and others. His land on Goshen where he lived for a short time was sold to Captain Joseph Grimes. Colonel Dickson was a merchant. He was well educated. His handwriting among the old records is a model of excellence. When the County of Dublin was formed from New Hanover in the year 1749, Colonel John Sampson became the first Register but on account of the excellence of Colonel Dicksons handwriting, the duties of that office were performed by him as the Deputy Register. During the year 1751 he became Clerk of the County Court and served through the year 1762. At the same time he served as County Register from 1753-1762. He was a member of the Colonial Assembly in the year 1762 and a Militia Officer for many years.   Colonel Dickson died at his home on Elder, Christmas Day 1774, leaving a large and prominent family. The maiden name of his wife, or wives cannot now be given. Apparently he was married twice. Two children were born in Ireland and the third child was born in Chester Co., PA several years later than the first and second. Evidently two children born in Ireland were by a first wife and all others by a second wife. 

The names of the children were as follows:

Major MCHAEL DICKSON born 1730-1, was five years of age when he came to America. When about 35 years of age he moved from Dublin Co. to Pendleton District, SC, but did not dispose of all his property in this County until about the year 1795. He was an outstanding patriot during the Revolutionary War and served as an officer in SC and GA. He was also a prominent church leader and served as an elder in his church for a period of 60 years. Major Dickson died at Pendleton August 19, 1825 in the 95th year of his age. No definite record of his family can be given. However, it is said that he was the father of Dr. Samuel Henry Dickson who was perhaps one among the most widely known physicians in this country during his time.

JOHN DICKSON, born about 1731-2 was about four years of age when he came to America. His name appears in Dublin Co. records as a witness when about 25 years of age, but no conveyance to or from him has been found. However, his name appears in his father's Will dated 1774, at which time he was about 42 years of age. Possibly he had moved with his brother Michael to SC

Colonel WILLIAM DICKSON, born in Chester Co., PA in the year 1739 moved with his parents to Dublin Co. when about five years of age. He was a surveyor, Colonial assemblyman, Revolutionary officer and Clerk of the County court for a period of 45 years. He died in Dublin Co. June 25, 1820. His wife was Mary Williams, daughter of Mary (Hicks) and Capt. Joseph Williams. Their children were: (a) Anne Dickson, married William Lanier. They died in Alabama; (b) Dr. William Dickson, married Polly Gray. They moved to Tennessee and Dr. Dickson became a prominent physician and politician of that State. He was Speaker of the State House of Representatives and a member of the U.S. Congress; (c) James Dickson, married and moved to Green Co., AL; (d) Joseph Dickson, married Lucy Gillespie and Milder Ann Gillespie, daughters of Dorcas (Mumford) and Major James Gillespie; (e) Mary Dickson, married Isaac Lanier of Anson Co. and moved to Alabama; (f) Lewis Dickson, married Catherine Hill. One daughter married Rev. Lemuel D. Hatch and moved to Greene Co., Alabama and another daughter married Moses T. Abernathy of Lincoln Co. (g) Frances Dickson, married William H. Pickett, a native of Anson Co. and moved to Alabama; (h) Susannah Dickson, married Joseph Gillespie, son of Dorcus (Mumford) and Major James Gillespie. Several of this family moved to Henderson Co., TN; (I) Elizabeth Dickson, married Col. Edward Ward of Onslow Co and died without issue.

Major ROBERT DICKSON married 1st Catherine Pearsall and 2nd Mrs. Barbara Sheffield, widow of Capt. Isham Sheffield. It is said that her maiden name was Barbara Boney. After the death of Robert Dickson, she married John Wilkinson. Major Dickson's children by the first marriage were: (a) Col. John Dickson, moved to Cumberland Co., married Sarah Blocker, and had a large family. Among them was a daughter Martha who married Alexander Torrens Stanford of Dublin, son of Margaret (Torrens) and Rev. Samuel Stanford. Colonel John Dickson was a very wealthy and influential citizen of Cumberland Co. He was one of the founders of the First Presbyterian Church in Fayetteville and served as an elder for many years. He was also a legislator and militia officer; (b) Ann Dickson, fourth wife of Capt. Kedar Bryan, son of Nancy Smith and Needham Bryan. They left a large family, including Needham Bryan who married Sallie Hinton; Robert Bryan, Kedar Bryan, Jr., who married Mary Evans; Ann Bryan who married John Stallings; Catherine Bryan who married Dickson Sloan, and Elizabeth Bryan who married Rev. George Fennell. (c) Pearsall Dickson, moved to Tennessee. (d) Edward Dickson, moved to Tennessee. (e) Catherine Dickson, second wife of Charles Hooks, State Senator, Congressman, etc. They moved to Alabama. (f) Mary Dickson; (g) Elizabeth Dickson. Children by the second marriage (Mrs. Sheffield) were: (h) Susanna Dickson, married col. David Hooks and they had a son named Robert Dickson Hooks, probably others. (I) Robert Dickson, died without issue. (j) William Dickson, married 1st Margaret Sloan and 2nd Margaret Chapman and left a large family. Most of them moved to SC, Florida and Alabama.

JOSEPH DICKSON. He was a surveyor, legislator and Chairman of the county Court for many years. His wife was Jane Molten, daughter of Sarah (Norris) and Capt. Abraham Molten. Their children were all born in Dublin Co. and most of this family moved to Tennessee during the 1790s. The children were as follows: (a) Anne Dickson, third wife of Capt. James Pearsall; (b) Michael Dickson, married Sene Williams and they left a large family; (c) Hugh Dickson, married Hannah Hicks in Tennessee; (d) David Dickson, served for some years as Clerk of the Court in Dickson Co., Tennessee. That County was named for the Dickson family. (e) Molten Dickson, served as County Surveyor and as a State Senator for Dickson County. (f) Joseph Dickson, Jr., lived in Montgomery Co., Tennessee. (g) Abner Dickson, disabled for life in the battle of New Orleans. (h) Col. Alexander Dickson, married Elizabeth Molten, daughter of Sarah (Norris) and Capt. Abraham Molten. No Issue. He was the founder of the "Dickson Charity Fund," still in existence, left by him for the education of the poor in Dublin Co.

JAMES DICKSON, heired the home place of his father on Elder where he lived all his life. He was Register of Deeds of Dublin Co. for a period of 28 years. His first wife was Dorothy Pearsall, daughter of the original Edward Pearsall and his second wife was Mrs. Susannah Carr, widow of James Carr and a daughter of Osborn Powell of Craven County. Children by the first marriage were: (a) Edward Dickson, moved to Tennessee. (b) Eleanor Dickson, married 1st David Sloan and their children included Dickson Sloan who married Catherine Bryan and Cassandra Sloan who married Alexander McGowen and Daniel Cicero Moore. Eleanor Dickson married 2nd John Maxwell and had several children, including Dorothy Ann Maxwell who married David J. Middleton and Henry Moore; Sarah Maxwell who married Samuel Stanford, Jr., and moved to Carroll Co. Mississippi; Henry Maxwell and Margaret Maxwell who married Hugh Pearsall. (c) Margaret Dickson married a Hancock. (d) William Pearsall Dickson, moved to Tennessee. (e) Alexander Dickson, moved to Tennessee. (f) Elizabeth Dickson, married Thomas Johnston and lived in Charleston, SC. (g) Ann Dickson, married James Robinson and lived in SC. (y) Sara Dickson. Died young. (I) Mary Dickson, married Charles Chambers. Children by second marriage (Mrs. Susanna Carr) were: (j) Dorothy Dickson, married Archibald Maxwell. (k) Ann Jane Dickson, married Benjamin Oliver, son of Sarah (Barrow) and Rev. Francis Oliver. (l) James Dickson, Jr., died unmarried. He was Clerk of the County Court from the year 1826-1845 and was also Clerk of the Old Grove church at Kenansville for a long time. (m) Linda Dickson, married William Carr, son of Margaret (Greer) and William Carr. (n) Joseph Dickson. (o) Robert Dickson, married Mary Catherine Sloan.

EDWARD DICKSON married (her name at present unknown) and their children were: (a) Anna Dickson, married Bryan A Bryan. (b) Elizabeth Dickson, married Lewis Hicks and they had a daughter named Serena Hicks. (e) Rebecca Dickson, second wife of Rev. Jacob Williams. Their daughter Nancy married Dr. Stephen Graham and they lived near Kenansville.

MARY DICKSON, married William McGowen "a worthy man and a prudent husband" and their children were: (a) David McGowen, died young. (b) John McGowen, married Mary Molten, daughter of Capt. John Molten. (c) William McGowen, Jr., married Mary Pearsall, daughter of Zilphia (Uzzell) and Capt. James Pearsall. They left a large family. (d) Edward McGowen. (e) Robert McGowen. (f) James McGowen. (g) Michael McGowen. (h) Joseph McGowen, married 1st Sarah McInire and 2nd Hannah Green, and left a large family. (I) Alexander McGowen, married Cassandra Sloan, daughter of Eleanor (Dickson) Sloan and David Sloan

This is a write up in the newspaper for Bell County, Texas on Adoniram Judson “Jud” Henderson 1888-1973. He was 84. He lived in Killeen, Texas. I had to write it over because it was hard to read. 

“Jud” Henderson’s Funeral Scheduled

Judson Henderson, 84, oldest practicing attorney in Bell County and a member of the State Bar Association of Texas for 50 years, died at a Killeen Nursing Home Saturday after a short illness.

Funeral services will be 3pm Sunday at the First Baptist Church of Killeen.

The Rev. Norris Onstead, assisted by the Rev. Donald Henderson, a grandnephew, will officiate. Burial will be in the Killeen City Cemetery.

Born August 9, 1888 in Bell County, Texas. He was the son of a Pioneer Bell County couple. Finis and Martha Henderson and grandson of Nicholas Henderson 1818-1869. His father was a schoolteacher and staunch supporter of the Union cause during and after the Civil War.

He graduated from the Whitaker Academy in Bolton and went on to attend the University of Texas Law School and the University of California at Berkeley. He had practiced law in Houston, Texas and in California before returning to take up the practice of law in his native Bell County, Texas. 

As executor of the estate of the late Parrie Haynes, he helped establish the Parrie Haynes Scholarships, awarded annually to outstanding Killeen High School students. Funds for the scholarships come from the lease of land in the Haynes Estate near Maxdale, Texas, site of the Parrie Haynes Ranch.

Honorary Pallbearers will be C R Clements and all Bell County attorneys.

Henderson was preceded in death by his wife Emma. Survivors include 1 daughter, Mrs James (Ruth) Witte of Flatona, Texas and 2 granddaughters, Mrs Allen G (Elizabeth) Tackaberry III of Houston, Texas. Mrs John H (Anne) Greek of San Antonio, Texas and 3 great grandchildren. 2 brothers William Jarvis Henderson of Killeen, Texas, Robert Henderson of Kempner, Texas. 3 sisters Mrs E A. Cole of Temple, Texas, Miss Bertha Henderson and Mrs Percy Martin both of Belton, Texas. 

BACK TO THE MEDIEVAL DAYS

Henderson go back to the great names of families known as the Lauder, Campbell, Crawford, Drummond, Stewart, Douglas, Rowallan & Bruce

Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass 1496-1561 of Lauder, Scotland 

In a Great Seal charter, number 2608 signed at Dunkeld on 19th October 1501 and confirmed there on 21st October 1501, this Robert Lauder is described as "son and heir apparent" to his father. In a charter (number 2659, Great Seal) signed at "le Crag" (as this translates into 'the rock' it is assumed it means The Bass) on 12th July 1502 and confirmed at Edinburgh on 17th same, the King confirms to Robert Lauder of Bass, knight, a charter of Gavin Dunbar of Wester Spott of the lands of Wester Spott, Gryndanehede, le Newkis etc., all in Haddingtonshire. Amongst the witnesses was Kentigern Hepburn of Lufnes. In charter 3185 confirmed on 1st February 1508 the King confirms "to his good servant Robert Lauder of Bass, knight," and his heirs etc., the northern part of the Bass (held from the Archbishops of St.Andrews since 1316) etc., & Newhall etc.(Alexander Cockburn being noted as the tenant at Newhall). We may therefore assume that he has come into his inheritance at this stage as head of the family. In Great Seal charter number 3330 dated 29th March 1509 Robert Lauder of Edrington is described as son and heir apparent of Sir Robert Lauder of Bass when the junior receives lands of Crag, Balgone etc., which Robert senior resigns accordingly. John J.Reid [1885] gives "two notices of some interest regarding Sir Robert Lauder....... in the Justiciary Records: the first of these (25th February 1510) narrates how 'Thomas Dicsoune at there Monastery of Hethingtoune [Haddington] and others, came in the King's will for oppression done to Robert Lauder of Basse coming under silence of night to the lands of Whitecastle, and casting down the house built there by the said Robert'. The offender was fined 15 marks. In the second notice, Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass, knight, is named (on 24th September 1512) among the Assize assembled at Edinburgh, in the presence of the King, t o try William Douglas of Drumlanrig for the slaughter of Robert Crichton of Kirkpatrick." On 26th July 1511, a Safe-Conduct was issued by King Henry VIII to the Earl of Argyll, Lord Drummond, Sir Robert Lauder, Sir William Seton, Sir John Ramsay and James Henderson, Ambassadors from Scotland, to come to England to negotiate a treaty ("Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland" vol.1, 1509-1589, Editor M.J.Thorpe, London, 1858). As there is no other Sir Robert Lauder in Scotland at this time the reference here must relate to Sir Robert Lauder of Lauder & Bass. In Great Seal charter numbers 3686 (23rd January 1512) and 3824 (24th March 1513) the King confirms to Sir Robert Lauder of Bass the lands of Popill, Haitlieslands, Whitelaws, all in Haddingtonshire, which had been personally resigned by David Lauder. (It is not clear why there are two charters which are almost identical.) A seal of "Robert Lauder of the Bass; a griffin sergeant within a royal treasure represented as a bordure charged with twelve fleur de lis alternately disposed" and dated 1514, appears (number 1563,p197) in "Scottish Armorial Seals" by W.R. MacDonald (Edinburgh, 1904). "The Binns Papers 1320-1864" (Scottish Record Society, 1936, no.545) records a Precept of Clare Constant by James Earl of Arran, to Robert Lauder as heir to Robert Lauder of Bass, his father, for the lands and patronage of Auldcathie, Linlithgowshire, dated 16th February, 1518. The Instrument of Sasine followed on 24th March 1518, the notary being Robert Foulis. In "The Great Seal of Scotland" number 833 signed 1st October 1523 and confirmed (much later) at Edinburgh 3rd September 1529, the King confirms a charter of Sir Robert Lauder of Bass to Robert Galbraith of certain lands at East Windsheills and Denehead in Easter Pencaitland, Haddingtonshire. Robert Lauder, son and heir to Sir Robert, is a witness, as is a Charles Lauder. In "The Great Seal" number 344, registered at Edinburgh on 12th January 1526, the King confirmed  a charter of Robert Lauder of that Ilk to his eldest son Robert Lauder and his heirs and assignees, of the lands and forest of Lauder, with half of the mill and granary of Lauder; some lands in Dalkeith with tenements etc; and the lands of Sunderland in Selkirkshire. Witnesses were Richard Maitland of Lethington; Andrew, brother of Robert Lauder senior; Thomas Cranston in Dods; Cuthbert Cranston; Thomas Cranston and Alan Lauder. Signed at Edinburgh 11th January 1525. In "The Great Seal" number 727, signed 4th January 1529 and confirmed the next day in Edinburgh by the King,  a charter of Alexander Stewart of Pitcairn, Commendator of Scone, conveys to Robert Lauder of Bass the lands and manor etc., of Lochend at Dunbar. Amongst the witnesses were William Sinclair of Roslin and William Douglas of Whittinghame. (See charter 1349, below). In Pitcairn's "Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland'' (Edinburgh 1833) there is noted that on the 30th August 1529 Robert Lauder the 'young' Laird of Bass is mentioned, with others, in respect of a feud against the Laird of Edmonstoune (presumably John Edmonstoun of that Ilk who was the laird). In "The Great Seal" number 1349, signed on 13th December 1533 and confirmed on the 12th February 1534, Robert Lauder of Bass conveys to his son Alexander and his heirs the lands and manor etc., of Lochend in the Lordship of Dunbar. There is no mention of any other relations, apart from Sir Patrick Hepburn of Waughton, one of the witnesses. Another witness was William Lauder in Dunbar but no relationship to the Bass family is stated.. In "The Great Seal of Scotland '' , a charter confirmed on 12th January 1538 Robert Lauder of that Ilk, with his brother Andrew as a witness, is mentioned in a charter pertaining to the Forest of Lauder.  Robert jnr., is also mentioned. According to "Papers on Lauder'' by Robert Romanes (1903) the forest of Lauder comprehended what are now the farms of Lauder Barns (including the Faulk mill) , Woodheads, and Muir Cleugh. In a charter in "The Great Seal of Scotland'' number 1810 dated 29th July 1538 Robert Lauder and his spouse Alison Cranston had a charter confirmed to them of the lands and forest of Lauder, Berwickshire, with the mill & granary there, which the said Robert had resigned for a regrant to himself and his wife and any heirs they may produce. (Robert, mentioned here, had received the above properties from his father in charter 344 confirmed 12th January 1526, when he was still described as "junior"). It is probable that the Great Seal charter number 1824 confirmed at Linlithgow Palace on 12th August 1538 of the lands of Umhoquhy in Kerymure [Kirriemuir], Forfarshire, to Robert Lauder of Bass, relate to this Robert. C.A.B.Lawder (1914) suggests that Robert had a son Alexander whom he invested in these lands and who died before 1567 but the evidence is wanting, although Robert did have a son Alexander.   In charters 1823 and 1824 confirmed to Robert Lauder of Bass at Linlithgow on 12th August 1538 the lands of Ethibetoun in East Brechin, Forfarshire were granted; as were the lands of Umhoquhy, in the regality of Kirriemuir, Forfarshire. Amongst the witnesses were William Cockburn of Newhall, William Lauder and Thomas Sinclair (Great Seal). In "The Great Seal", number 1868 confirmed at Edinburgh 11th December 1538, the King confirms to Robert Lauder of Bass, his heirs and assignees, the lands of Horshopcleuch in the barony of Lammermuir, Berwickshire. According to a charter, signed at Beil 13th April 1542, quoted by James Young, Sir Robert Lauder of Bass gave to his 'cousin'(or relation) William Lauder, Burgess of Lauder, numerous lands in the vicinity of Lauder. Great Seal charter number 2895 confirmed at Edinburgh on 16th April 1543 by the Queen, is a charter of William Cockburn of Newhall to Robert Lauder of Bass, his heirs and assignees, for the annulments of the "42 lands of Newhall, Ballingrud, Howden, Heimer Croce, Woodhead , and Woodfute in Haddingtonshire. Amongst the witnesses were Thomas Sinclair and John Lauder. Signed at Beil 14th April 1543. In "The Knights of St.John of Jerusalem in Scotland" edited by Ian Cowan (PHR Mackay & Alan Macquarrie 1983), under chapter entitled "Selected Documents", number 50, there is a  notarial instrument dealing with temple-lands at Hadderwick, North Berwick, and Tyninghame "which pertain to Robert Lauder, Lord of the Bass" and dated Edinburgh 23rd June 1547. Further, in chapter '1539-1540 - Lists', the Laird of Bass paid a rental on "the temple of Balcony". This may be the lands of Balcony near North Berwick or those of the same name in Fife. This Sir Robert built the famous Lauder's Hospital at North Berwick circa 1540 and, according to "The North Berwick Story" by Walter M.Ferrier (North Berwick 1981) was patron of the Hospital of Poor Brothers in North Berwick. (It is possible these two hospitals are the same). He is on record [Sir James Balfour's "Annals" vol.1] as taking prisoner a Sir James Wilford, the English Governor of Haddington, in 1548, during a sortie with French soldiers from the castle at Dunbar. In a charter of "an instrument" dated 23rd June 1547, Thomas Sinclair in Northrig [near Morham & Haddington], Clerk to the Diocese of St.Andrews, was also servitor to Robert Lauder of Bass. Northrig was part of the Bearford estate which passed from the Sinclairs to the Hepburns by marriage. This is interesting as in 1698 a William Lauder in Morham was the tenant of Northrig and a James Lauder was the tenant farmer at Northrig as late as 1846. Father Dalrymple (says J.J.Reid [1885]) in his translation of Bishop Leslie's History, states that the Bass was still a fortress, being described in 1548 as one of the "strengths of Scotland". In "The Great Seal of Scotland" number 382 confirmed at Edinburgh on 28th September 1549, a charter mentions Robert Lauder of Bass in occupation of the lands of Balgone, and Farmacres

Robert “The Good” Lauder III 1309-1342

"His (Robert who fought at Stirling Bridge) son was ambassador several times for King David II and was Keeper of the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed becoming, later, Chamberlain of Scotland. This Sir Robert and his eldest son, Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood (in Moray – originally part of Macbeth's own lands) were at the battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 after which Robert junior hastened north to hold Urquhart Castle against the English King. From The Lauders of Bass Sir Robert was ambassador to England from Robert I. upon various occasions, one of these being in 1323, and was engaged in similar service for King David Bruce. On page xxviii. of the Appendix will be found an allusion to a ratification by King Edward III. of England, et totem consilium, dated at Northampton the 4th of May, 1328, of a treaty, concluded at Edinburgh on the 17th March of that year, between Robert, King of Scots, and the plenipotentiaries of the said King Edward III. To the faithful performance of all the articles of this treaty, Sir Robert swore by the soul of the King of Scots, and on the Holy Gospels. This oath was taken in presence of Bruce, and by his special command. At this time Sir Robert was justiciary of the Lothian's and that part of Scotland to the south of the Forth. The Extracts from the 'Index of Records of Charters,' contained in No. xx. of the Appendix to this volume, mention several charters granted by Rob. I. to this baron of the lands of Pencaitland, Nisbet and Colden, and of Lethberd Mill."

J.Stewart Smith (1898, the first mention of this Robert is in Rymer's "Foedera '' where he is described as the eldest son of Sir Robert de Lawedre one of the Scottish Ambassadors in 1323 sent to negotiate peace with England. Robert junior was attached to the train as a page. We are not told how old he was at that point but clearly he must have been nearing full adulthood as Mrs. Stewart Smith tells us that he was appointed in 1328 "Justiciary of 'that part of Scotland on the North side of the Water of Forth,' his estate being in Morayshire. Thirty five years later, on 1st October 1363, (Great Seal charter 163, confirmed at Dunfermline) King David II confirmed a pension of £20 per annum upon the aging Sir Robert from this post. Sir Robert sometimes designated himself as "Robertus de Lavadre, Dominus de Quarrelwood, in Moravia" (refer James Young, 1884, p38). Quarrelwood was originally part of the lands of Macbeth which had been awarded to Robert's ancestor in 1057 (see notes of the first de Lavedre c1057). It was not, as Young supposes, purchased by this Sir Robert. However, John Scott ("History of Berwick'') notes that in the accounts of Sir Alexander de Seton, collector of the burgh of Berwick, for 1329, an entry: "allowed to accountants for the fishery of Eidermouth [Eddermouth, today's Whitadder], now in possession of Sir Robert de Lawdre by right of inheritance, £40. The mouth of the Whitadder is just below the Edrington estate in Berwickshire and normally the fishings were attached to those lands. Sir Robert is on record as taking part in the battle of Halidon Hill, 20th July,1333, escaping to fly north to Urquhart Castle which he held out for King David II of Scotland against Edward III of England. James Young (1884) states that this Roberte Laweder fought alongside Archibald Douglas during the battle and his authority, he says, is "an M.S. Chronicle of England" which described the battle. He also quotes  from Wyntown's "De originale cronycle of Scotland" written before 1424. He is mentioned also (see his father's notes) as still being Robert junior in March 1334. It is clear that this Sir Robert was also at the Battle of Neville's Cross as he is mentioned, with others, as being taken prisoner there in "Rotuli Scotiae in Turra Londinensi et in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi asservati" under date 8th December 1346. James Young (1884) mentions that this Sir Robert gave a Charter of lands 'in and near his burgh of Lauder' to Thomas de Borthwick, which is witnessed by John de Mauteland [Maitland], the sixth of the Lauderdale family. J.Stewart Smith (1898, adds that this was in 1370 and that John's brother William was also a witness. "This charter was attested by Sir Robert's son Alan, and his grandson, 'Roberto filio Alani tunc Ballio de Lawedre'." In "The Great Seal of Scotland" number 163 confirmed at Dunfermline in October 1363 the King confirmed a charter of a pension to Sir Robert de Lavedre for his services as Justiciary north of the Forth, a position he would apparently pass on to his son Alan. In 1366 he entered into a deed with his grandson Young.  Sir Robert founded a Chaplaincy in Moray Cathedral on 1st May 1362, the gift being confirmed by a writ from King David II Bruce, dated at Elgin 20th May 1367. James Young states that this Robertus de Lavedir 'the Good' is mentioned by Fordun, in his "Scotichronicon", and in "Extracta ex variis Cronicis Scocie."

Moraine Alexander II De Home 1st Baron of Home, 1st Lord Home, Master of Home, Sir Knight 1407-1490

MORAIR ALEXANDER II DE HOME was born about 1407 of Home, Berwickshire, Scotland, to Sir Alexander Home of Dunglass (1380-1424) and Lady Janet de la Hay Lochorwarth (1375-1424.)  He married Marietta Lauder about 1424 of Home, Berwickshire, Scotland.

Alexander de Home died about 1490 of Dunglass, Berwickshire, Scotland, age 83.

Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home (also Hume) (died c. 1491) was a Scottish nobleman, Warden of the Eastern March, and a leading figure among the rebels who defeated and killed James III of Scotland at the Battle of Sauchieburn in 1488.

LifeEdit

He was the eldest son of Sir Alexander Home of Home, who died in 1461. On 20 December 1451 James III conceded to him the lands of Dunglass, Home, Susterpeth, and Kello in Berwickshire, which his father resigned, and which were united into the free barony of Home; in 1452 the lands of Chirnside were annexed to the barony, and in 1453 other lands. He became bailie of Coldingham Priory in 1466.

In 1466 Home sat in the Scottish estates among the barons, and he was created a lord of parliament by the title Lord Home, 2 August 1473. As warden of the marches he went to meet the master of Bolton, envoy of Edward IV of England, at the River Tweed in 1476, and escorted him to James III.

Jealous of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, brother of the king, who had local power as captain of Berwick and keeper of Dunbar Castle, Lord Home banded with the Hepburns to sow discord between Albany and the king. His success saw Albany escaping imprisonment by flight to England. Favor shown by the king to Robert Cochrane then caused tension. Home was not personally an actor in Scottish politics from around 1479, but through family retained much influence for the rest of his life. The Home family opposition to the king stemmed from plans first floated in 1472, to migrate the priory of Coldingham north to St Andrews, for security against the English but removing it from the Home power base.

In 1482 the king assembled Scottish baronial forces to withstand a threatened invasion by Albany and the English. Nobles including Home seized Cochrane in the king's presence, at Lauder in Berwickshire. They hanged him over the bridge there, and carried James III captive to Edinburgh. The king came to terms with Albany, and, on Albany's arrival with the English force, received his liberty, while Home and other chiefs of the conspiracy were imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus made a deal that freed them, on bonds, to enter into ward again when called upon by the king.

In 1484, matters came to a head when the Homes and Hepburns resisted the royal plan to annex the revenues of Coldingham. Claiming that the king was trespassing on the rights of the nobles, they induced other lords to join them in seizing Prince James, and making him their nominal leader in a revolt against his father. The followers of Home formed part of the vanguard at the battle of Sauchieburn (18 June 1488), where the king was killed.

On the nominal accession of James IV, Lord Home occupied a favored position, and received grants of land. He died about 1491, and was succeeded by his grandson.

Home married first Marion Lauder, heiress of Landells, daughter of John Lauder and Katherine de Landells, by whom he had one daughter, Helen, and three sons: Alexander, who predeceased him, and was father of Alexander Home, 2nd Lord Home, and of John Home of Whiterigs and Ersilton, ancestor of the Homes of Coldingknows; George, ancestor of the Homes of Ayton; and Patrick, ancestor of the Homes of Fast Castle. He married, secondly Margaret, daughter of Alexander, master of Montgomery, by whom he had a son, Thomas Home of Lainshaw, Ayrshire.

Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home was the son of Sir Alexander Home of Home and Dunglas and Janet Hay. He married, firstly, Marion Lauder, daughter of John Lauder and Katherine de Landells, before 1424. He married, secondly, Margaret Montgomerie, daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd, before 14 July 1467. He died between February 1490 and April 1491.

In 1450 he founded the Collegiate Church of Dunbar. He held the office of Scottish Ambassador to England in 1459.1 He was created 1st Lord Home [Scotland] on 2 August 1473.

Children of Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home and Margaret Montgomerie

* Sir Thomas Home

* Elizabeth Home

Children of Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home and Marion Lauder

* Alexander Home, Master of Home+ d. c 1456

* John Home

* George Home

* Patrick Home

   

 

Iron Age Fast Castle Scotland Clan Home

 Wedderburn Castle Clan Home

Sir Cospatrick Home II Earl of Dunbar 1070-1139

William I “The Lion” King of Scotland 1143-1214

William the Lion, sometimes styled William I, also known by the nickname "Garbh," ("the Rough"), reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. He had the second-longest reign in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707. He was born about 1142, during the reign of his grandfather King David I of Scotland. His parents were King David's son Henry and Ada de Warenne. He was about 10 years old when his father died in 1152, making his elder brother Malcolm heir apparent to their grandfather King David. William inherited the Earldom of Northumbria from his father. David died the next year, and William became heir presumptive to the new king, Malcolm IV. In 1157, William lost the Earldom of Northumbria to Henry II of England.

Malcolm IV did not live long, and upon his death on  December 9, 1165, at age 24, William ascended the throne. William was crowned on December 24, 1165. In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of his paternal inheritance of Northumbria from the Anglo-Normans. He is credited with founding Arbroath Abbey, the site of the later Declaration of Arbroath.

William was not known as "the Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail ("queue fourchée") on a yellow background. This (with the substitution of a double treasure fleury counter-fleury border instead of an orle) went on to become the Royal Banner of Scotland, still used today but quartered with those of England and of Ireland. The title became attached to him because the chronicler John of Fordun called him the "Lion of Justice."

William was a key player in the Revolt of 1173–1174 against Henry II. In 1174, at the Battle of Alnwick, during a raid in support of the revolt, William recklessly charged the English troops himself, shouting, "Now we shall see which of us are good knights!" He was unhorsed and captured by Henry's troops led by Ranulf de Glanvill and taken in chains to Newcastle, then Northampton, and then transferred to Falaise in Normandy. Henry then sent an army to Scotland and occupied it. As ransom and to regain his kingdom, William had to acknowledge Henry as his feudal superior and agree to pay for the cost of the English army's occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots. The cost was equal to 40,000 Scottish Merks (£26,000). The church of Scotland also was subjected to that of England. This he did by signing the Treaty of Falaise. He then was allowed to return to Scotland. In 1175, he swore fealty to Henry II at York Castle.

The humiliation of the Treaty of Falaise triggered a revolt in Galloway that lasted until 1186 and prompted construction of a castle at Dumfries. Meanwhile, in 1179, William and his brother David personally led a force northwards into Easter Ross, establishing two more castles north of the Beauly and Cromarty Firths, one on the Black Isle at Edradour and the other at Dunkeath, near the mouth of the Cromarty Firth opposite Cromarty. The aim was to discourage the Norse Earls of Orkney from expanding beyond Caithness.

A further uprising in 1181 involved Donald Meic Uilleim, descendant of King Duncan II. Donald briefly took over Ross. Not until Donald's death in 1187 was William able to reclaim the  stronghold of Inverness. More royal expeditions were required in 1197 and 1202 to fully neutralize the Orcadian threat.

The Treaty of Falaise remained in force for the next 15 years. Then the English king Richard the Lionheart, needing money to take part in the Third Crusade, agreed to terminate it in return for 10,000 silver marks (£6,500), on December 5, 1189. William attempted to purchase Northumbria from Richard in 1194, as he had a strong claim over it. However, his offer of 15,000 marks (£9,750) was rejected due to wanting the castles within the lands, which Richard was not willing to give.

Despite the Scots regaining their independence, Anglo-Scottish relations remained tense during the first decade of the 13th century. In August 1209, King John decided to flex the English muscles by marching a large army to Norham, near Berwick, in order to exploit the flagging leadership of the aging Scottish monarch. As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir, Alexander, for his eldest daughter, Joan.

Despite continued dependence on English good will, William's reign showed much achievement. He threw himself into governing with energy, and diligently followed the lines laid down by his grandfather, David I. Anglo-French settlements and feudalization were extended, new burghs founded, criminal law clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs widened, and trade grew. Arbroath Abbey was founded in 1178, and the bishopric of Argyll established in about 1192, the same year as papal confirmation of the Scottish church by Pope Celestine III.

William died in Stirling in 1214 and lies buried in Arbroath Abbey. His son, Alexander II, succeeded him as king, reigning from 1214 to 1249.

Due to the terms of the Treaty of Falaise, Henry II had the right to choose William's bride. As a result, William married Ermengarde de Beaumont, a great-granddaughter of King Henry I of England, at Woodstock Palace in 1186. Edinburgh Castle was her dowry. The marriage was not very successful, and it was many years before she bore him an heir. William and Ermengarde's children were Margaret, who married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent; Isabel, who married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk; Alexander II of Scotland; and Marjorie, who married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke.

William had numerous illegitimate children out of wedlock, their descendants being among those who would lay claim to the Scottish crown. By an unnamed daughter of Adam de Hythus, he fathered Margaret, who married Eustace de Vesci, Lord of Alnwick. 

With Isabel d'Avenel, William fathered Robert de London; Henry de Galightly, father of Patrick Galithly, one of the competitors for the crown in 1291; Ada Fitzwilliam, who married Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar; Aufrica, who married William de Say, and whose great-great-grandson Roger de Mandeville was one of the competitors for the crown in 1291; and Isabella Mac William, who married Robert III de Brus, then Robert de Ros, Magna Carta Suretor

Invaded England, but was captured at Alnwick. He was led to Northampton with his feet tied beneath his horse and imprisoned at Falaise in Normandy. 

St Margaret of Scotland 1045-1093

Queen Consort of Scotland 

Princess of England 

Margaret of Wessex

The Pearl of Scotland 

Canonized by Pope Innocent IV in recognition of her personal holiness, fidelity to the church, work for religious reform and charity.

Founded a Priory at Dunfermline with Monks from Canterbury.

Margaret died 3 days after the death of her husband and oldest son from grief.

Born

c. 1045

Kingdom of Hungary

Died

16 November 1093

Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Kingdom of Scotland

Burial

Dunfermline Abbey

Spouse

Malcolm III, King of Scotland

Issue

more...

Edmund, Bishop of Dunkeld

Ethelred

Edgar, King of Scotland

Alexander I, King of Scotland

David I, King of Scotland

Matilda, Queen of England

Mary, Countess of Boulogne

House

Wessex

Father

Edward the Exile

Mother

Agatha

Religion

Catholicism

Saint Margaret

Queen of Scots

Venerated in

Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Communion

Canonized

1250 by Pope Innocent IV

Major shrine

Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, Scotland

Feast

16 November

Attributes

reading

Patronage

Scotland, Dunfermline, Fife, Shetland, The Queen's Ferry, and Anglo-Scottish relations

She was a very pious Roman Catholic, and among many charitable works she established a ferry across the Firth of Forth in Scotland for pilgrims traveling to St Andrews in Fife, which gave the towns of South Queensferry and North Queensferry their names. Margaret was the mother of three kings of Scotland, or four, if Edmund of Scotland (who ruled with his uncle, Donald III) is counted, and of a queen consort of England. According to the Vita S. Margaritae (Scotorum) Reginae (Life of St. Margaret, Queen (of the Scots)), attributed to Turgot of Durham, she died at Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1093, merely days after receiving the news of her husband's death in battle.

In 1250, Pope Innocent IV canonized her, and her remains were reinterred in a shrine in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. Her relics were dispersed after the Scottish Reformation and subsequently lost. Mary, Queen of Scots, at one time owned her head, which was subsequently preserved by Jesuits in the Scottish College, Douai, France, from where it was subsequently lost during the French Revolution.

Margaret from a medieval family tree.

Margaret was the daughter of the English prince Edward the Exile, and granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, King of England.[1] After the Danish conquest of England in 1016, King Canute the Great had the infant Edward exiled to the continent. He was taken first to the court of the Swedish king, Olof Skötkonung, and then to Kiev. As an adult, he travelled to Hungary, where in 1046 he supported the successful bid of King Andrew I for the Hungarian crown. King Andrew I was then also known as "Andrew the Catholic" for his extreme aversion to pagans and great loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. The provenance of Margaret's mother, Agatha, is disputed, but Margaret was born in Hungary c. 1045. Her brother Edgar the Ætheling and sister Cristina were also born in Hungary around this time. Margaret grew up in a very religious environment in the Hungarian court.

According to tradition, the widowed Agatha decided to leave Northumbria, England with her children and return to the continent. However, a storm drove their ship north to the Kingdom of Scotland in 1068, where they sought the protection of King Malcolm III. The locus where it is believed that they landed is known today as St Margaret's Hope, near the village of North Queensferry, Fife, Scotland. Margaret's arrival in Scotland, after the failed revolt of the Northumbrian earls, has been heavily romanticized, though Symeon of Durham implied that her first meeting of Malcolm III may not have been until 1070, after William the Conqueror's Harrying of the North.

King Malcolm III was a widower with two sons, Donald and Duncan. He would have been attracted to marrying one of the few remaining members of the Anglo-Saxon royal family. The marriage of Malcolm and Margaret occurred in 1070. Subsequently, Malcolm executed several invasions of Northumberland to support the claim of his new brother-in-law Edgar and to increase his own power. These, however, had little effect save the devastation of the County.

Her husband Malcolm III, and their eldest son Edward, were killed in the Battle of Alnwick against the English on 13 November 1093. Her son Edgar was left with the task of informing his mother of their deaths. Not yet 50 years old, Margaret died on 16 November 1093, three days after the deaths of her husband and eldest son. The cause of death was reportedly grief. She was buried before the high altar in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. In 1250, the year of her canonization, her body and that of her husband were exhumed and placed in a new shrine in the Abbey. In 1560, Mary Queen of Scots had Margaret's head removed to Edinburgh Castle as a relic to assist her in childbirth. In 1597, Margaret's head ended up with the Jesuits at the Scottish College, Douai, France, but was lost during the French Revolution. King Philip of Spain had the other remains of Margaret and Malcolm III transferred to the Escorial palace in Madrid, Spain, but their present location has not been discovered.

Robert III King of Scotland 1337-1406 married Annabella Drummond 1350-1401 Queen of Scotland 

Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340 – 3 September 1420) was a member of the Scottish royal family who served as regent (at least partially) to three different Scottish monarchs (Robert II, Robert III, and James I). A ruthless politician, Albany was widely regarded as having caused the murder of his nephew, the Duke of Rothesay, and brother to the future King James I of Scotland. James was held in captivity in England for eighteen years, during which time Albany served as regent in Scotland, king in all but name. He died in 1420 and was succeeded by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was executed for treason when James returned to Scotland in 1425, almost causing the complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

Robert Stewart

Duke of Albany

Earl of Fife

Lithograph of the reverse of the 1413 seal of Robert Stewart as Governor of Scotland

Born

c. 1340

Dundonald Castle

Died

3 September 1420 (aged c. 80)

Stirling Castle

Spouse

Margaret, Countess of Menteith

(m. 1363; died c. 1380)

Muriella Keith

(m. 1381)

Issue

more...

Murdoch, Duke of Albany

John, Earl of Buchan

House

Stewart (Albany branch)

Father

Robert II of Scotland

Mother

Elizabeth Mure

Robert Stewart was the third son of the future King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390) and of Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan. His parents' marriage was deemed uncanonical at first, which in some circles, gave their children and descendants the label of illegitimacy, but the granting of a papal dispensation in 1349 saw their remarriage and their children's legitimization. Robert's grandfather was Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326) and his father was the first monarch of the House of Stewart. His great-grandfather was Robert the Bruce (1274–1329), legendary victor of the Battle of Bannockburn.

Robert Stewart was raised in a large family with many siblings. His older brother John Stewart (1337–1406) became Earl of Carrick in 1368, and would later be crowned King of Scotland under the name Robert III.

In 1361 Stewart married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith (1334–1380), a wealthy divorcee who took Robert as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles, becoming Earl of Menteith and Earl of Fife. In 1362 the couple had a son and heir, Murdoch Stewart, (1362–1425) who would in time inherit his father's titles and estates.

Stewart was responsible for the construction of Doune Castle, which remains largely intact today. When Stewart was created Earl of Menteith, he was granted the lands on which Doune Castle now stands. Building may have started any time after this, and the castle was at least partially complete in 1381, when a charter was sealed here.

Doune Castle, built by Stewart, still stands today.

Falkland Palace, where Robert Stewart's nephew, the Duke of Rothesay, died in mysterious circumstances.

Scottish politics in the late fourteenth century was unstable and bloody, and much of Albany's career was spent acquiring territory, land and titles, often by violent means.

During the reign of their infirm father as King Robert II (1371–1390), Robert Stewart and his older brother Lord Carrick functioned as regents of Scotland, kings in all but name, with Albany serving as High Chamberlain of Scotland. He also led several military expeditions and raids into the Kingdom of England. Fife ensured at the December 1388 council meeting that the guardianship of Scotland would pass from Carrick (who had recently been badly injured from a horse-kick) to Fife. There was general approval of Fife's intention to properly resolve the situation of lawlessness in the north and in particular the activities of Alexander, Earl of Buchan, Lord of Badenoch and Ross, his younger brother. Buchan was stripped of his position of Justiciar North of the Forth, which would soon be given to Fife's son, Murdoch Stewart. Father and son would now work together to expand their family interest, bringing them into violent confrontation with other members of the nobility such as Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles.

The Earl of Carrick acceded to the throne as King Robert III in 1390. His "sickness of the body" caused control of the kingdom eventually to devolve in 1399 to his son and heir apparent, David. In 1398 David had been created Duke of Rothesay and Robert had been created Duke of Albany, the first two dukedoms created in the Scottish Peerage. Power had begun to shift away from Albany and towards his nephew.

However, the English soon invaded Scotland, and serious differences emerged between Albany and Rothesay. In 1401, Rothesay was accused of unjustifiably appropriating sums from the customs of the burghs on the east coast and confiscating the revenues of the temporalities of the vacant bishopric of St Andrews. Rothesay had also in conjunction with his uncle, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, confronted Albany's influence in central Scotland—as soon his lieutenancy expired in 1402 Albany acted swiftly and ruthlessly. Rothesay was arrested and imprisoned in Albany's Falkland Castle where he died in March 1402. Rothesay's death probably lay with Albany and Douglas who would have looked upon the possibility of the young prince acceding to the throne with great apprehension. Albany certainly fell under suspicion but he was cleared of all blame by a general council, which found that 'by divine providence and not otherwise, it is discerned that he [Duke Rothesay] departed from this life.

However, even though Albany was exonerated from blame, suspicions of foul play persisted, suspicions which never left Rothesay's younger brother the future James I of Scotland, and which would eventually lead to the downfall of the Albany Stewarts. John Debrett, writing in 1805, was in no doubt of Duke Robert's motives and guilt:

"This Robert, Duke of Albany, having obtained the entire government from his brother, King Robert, he caused the Duke of Rothesay to be murdered, thinking to bring the Crown into his own family".

After Rothesay's death, the King began to fear for his second son James, who fled Scotland for his own safety. Debrett continues:

"to avoid the like fate, King Robert resolved to send his younger son James, to France, then about nine years old, who being sea-sick, and forced to land on the English coast...was detained a captive in England eighteen years. At these misfortunes King Robert died of grief in 1406."

Site of the Battle of Harlaw, where in 1411 Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles fought the Stewarts to a bloody standstill.

After the death of his brother King Robert III, Albany ruled Scotland as regent. His young nephew, the future James I of Scotland, remained in exile and imprisonment in England for 18 years. Albany made little effort to secure the young Prince's ransom and return to Scotland, focusing his energies instead on securing his own power and interest.

Albany's political triumph did not settle his differences with the other members of the nobility, in particular Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles, who in 1411 led an army of clansmen from the Northwest Highlands into open battle with the Stewarts. This conflict began when Albany had attempted to secure the Earldom of Ross for his second son John, despite McDonald's better claim.] At the Battle of Harlaw (known as "Red Harlaw" on account of its savagery) on 24 July 1411, losses were heavy on both sides, though McDonald's eventual withdrawal allowed the Stewarts to claim a strategic victory. The Stewart army was led by Albany's nephew, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, who later sat on the jury of knights and peers which convicted Albany's son Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and two of his sons of treason, virtually annihilating the Albany Stewarts.

Stewart's son, John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan, in a late-18th-century engraving. Buchan was killed at the Battle of Verneuil in 1424.

Albany married twice. Firstly, in 1361, he married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, (1334–1380) a wealthy divorcee who took him as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles after marriage. The couple had eight children, seven daughters and a son:

Lady Janet Stewart (married Sir David de Moubray)

Lady Mary Stewart (married Sir William Abernathy, 6th of Saltoun)

Lady Margaret Stewart (married to Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk)

Lady Joan Stewart (married Sir Robert Stewart, 1st Lord of Lorne and had descendants)

Lady Beatrice Stewart (married Sir James Douglas of Balveny)

Lady Isobel Stewart (married to Alexander Leslie, 7th Earl of Ross and later to Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton and had descendants)

Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (1362–1425) (Married Joan Douglas and later to Isabel, Countess of Lennox).

Lady Margery (married Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell and had descendants)

Margaret died in 1380 and Albany subsequently married Muriella Keith, with whom he had three children:

John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (1381–1424); he fought in France against the English during the Hundred Years War, serving with distinction, but was killed at the Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424.

Robert Stewart, Earl of Ross, died without issue

Lady Elizabeth Stewart (married to Malcolm Fleming, ancestor of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming)

Duke Robert's nephew, James I of Scotland, would wreak his revenge on the Albany Stewarts.

Albany's son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany.

Dunfermline Abbey, where Albany was buried

The Duke of Albany died in 1420 in Stirling Castle and lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife. He was succeeded as Duke of Albany and Regent of Scotland by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany. But Murdoch would not enjoy his power for long. In 1425 the exiled King James, captive in England for 18 years, finally returned to Scotland, and executed Murdoch and most of his family for treason, causing the almost complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

Murdoch Stewart's sole surviving male heir was his youngest son, James the Fat, who fled to Ireland after a brief rebellion against the King over the arrest of his father and brothers. James remained in Ireland, unable to return, and died there in 1429. He was never able to inherit his father's titles, since they had been declared forfeit.

Albany's great-grandson, James "Beg'' Stewart, (c. 1410-1470) would eventually secure a pardon from the King and return to Scotland, though the family would never recover their lost estates. James "Beg'' Stewart is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnhead, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose

Robert II King of Scotland 1316-1390 married 1-Elizabeth More of Rowallan 1320-1354

2-Euphemism de Ross 1320-1388 Queen of Scotland, Queen Consort of Scotland, Countess of Moray

Walter Stewart 6th High Steward of Scotland 1296-1326 married 

Princess Marjorie Bruce 1296-1316

Robert the Bruce 1274-1329 King of Scotland married 

Isabella of Mar, Countess of Carrick 1274-1296

Princess Marjorie Bruce 1296-1316

Marjorie Bruce or Marjorie de Brus (probably 1296 – 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, by his first wife, Isabella of Mar.

Marjorie Bruce

Princess of Scotland

Effigy of Marjorie Bruce at Paisley Abbey

Born

1296

Died

1316 (aged 19–20)

Burial

Paisley Abbey

Spouse

Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland

Issue

Robert II of Scotland

House

Bruce

Father

Robert the Bruce

Mother

Isabella of Mar

Religion

Roman Catholic

Marjorie's marriage to Walter, High Steward of Scotland gave rise to the House of Stewart. Her son was the first Stewart monarch, King Robert II of Scotland.

Her mother, Isabella, was a noblewoman from the Clan Mar. Marjorie was named after her father's mother, Marjorie, Countess of Carrick. Soon after giving birth to Marjorie, at the age of 19, Isabella died. Marjorie's father was at that time the Earl of Carrick.

According to legend, Marjorie's parents had been very much in love, and Robert the Bruce did not remarry until 1302 (six years after his first wife’s death), to a courtier named Elizabeth de Burgh.

On 27 March 1306, her father was crowned King of Scots at Scone, Perthshire, and Marjorie, then 10 years old, became a Princess of Scotland.

Three months after the coronation, in June, 1306, her father was defeated at the Battle of Methven. He sent his wife, two sisters, and Marjorie north with his supporter Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, but by the end of June they were captured by Uilleam II, Earl of Ross, a Balliol supporter, who handed them over to the English.

As punishment, Edward I of England sent his hostages to different places in England. Marjorie was sent to the convent at Watton. Her aunt, Christina Bruce, was sent to another convent. Elizabeth de Burgh was placed under house arrest at a manor house in Yorkshire. Elizabeth de Burgh's punishment was lighter than the others. This is due to the fact that Edward I needed the support of her father, the powerful Earl of Ulster. Marjorie's aunt, Mary Bruce, and the Countess of Buchan were imprisoned in wooden cages, exposed to public view, at Roxburgh Castle and Berwick Castle, respectively.

For the next four years, Elizabeth, Christina, Mary, and Isabella endured solitary confinement. The latter two experienced daily public humiliation. A cage was built for Marjorie, who was around the age of 12, at the Tower of London, but Edward I reconsidered. He instead sent her to the Gilbertine convent in Watton. Christopher Seton, Christina's husband, was executed.

Edward I died on 7 July 1307. He was succeeded by his son, Edward II, who subsequently held Marjorie captive in a convent for about seven more years. She was finally set free around 1314, probably in exchange for English noblemen captured after the Battle of Bannockburn.

Marjorie's sarcophagus, Paisley Abbey

Upon the liberation of Elizabeth de Burgh and Marjorie from their long captivity in England, Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland was sent to receive them at the Anglo-Scottish border and conduct them back to the Scottish court. He later married Marjorie. Her dowry included the Barony of Bathgate in West Lothian.

The traditional story is that two years later, on 2 March 1316, Marjorie was riding in Gallowhill, Paisley, Renfrewshire while heavily pregnant. Her horse was suddenly startled and threw her to the ground. She went into premature labour and her child, Robert II of Scotland, was born. Marjorie died soon afterward at the age of around 20, like her mother, who was roughly the same age when she died in childbirth. However, it is not clear that this traditional story is correct; some accounts indicate that she may have survived into 1317.  She may still have died in a riding accident, but this could have taken place after the birth of her son.[8] In fact, one source states that she died in October 1317, after falling from a horse, during a second pregnancy. 

At the junction of Renfrew Road and Dundonald Road in Paisley, a cairn marks the spot called "the Knock", near where Marjorie reputedly fell from her horse. Bruce Road and Marjorie Drive are named in her honour. She is buried at Paisley Abbey.

Her son succeeded his childless uncle David II of Scotland in 1371 as King Robert II. Her descendants include the House of Stewart (now styled Stuart) and all their successors on the throne of Scotland, England and the United Kingdom.

The Carroll Family married into Henderson. Elizabeth Carroll 1731-1783 married 5th Great Grandfather Nathaniel Henderson 1728-1794

The Carroll Family was a big Military Family in South Carolina. 

John Carroll 1667-1733 was born in the lowlands of Scotland in 1667,  and was a member of the body of Protestants that sought refuge in the north of Ireland at the time of the religious difficulties in Scotland. Joseph Carroll served under the Duke of Schomburg, in the army of William Prince of Orange and participated in the engagement at the River  Boyne, for which service he became a beneficiary under the act passed during Williams reign, which granted pensions to the soldiers of the Prince of Orange in the shape of grants of land in the British Colonies of North America. He was given a grant of one league square, which was never laid by him, but descended to his son Joseph and was laid by him in York District, South Carolina, in 1751, more than sixty years after the service was rendered for which it was given.

"My 7th great grandfather, John Carroll, born 1667, joined the forces of William of Orange and was present at the battle of River Boyne, where the king's forces were routed. After the accession of William to the throne, an act was passed and carried into effect during his reign, granting a pension to each soldier of the prince of Orange.

My 6th great grandfather, Joseph Elias Carroll, Sr. came to America in 1729 and settled in Chester County, PA. In 1751, he left Chester County with a group of Scots-Irish settlers and migrated to York District, SC. He used his father's land grant from the British Crown to claim 840 acres on Allison's Creek in 1752. He also claimed a large tract in what was known as Indian lands four miles south of Allison's Creek and likewise claimed a large grant across the Catawba River for a total of 5760 acres.

Joseph Carroll, was born in Ulster county, Ireland, in 1699, and married in that country Jane Swansey and Irish-protestant lady, with whom he immigrated to America about 1730, settling in what is now Chester county, Pennsylvania. Here he resided more than twenty years and it was where a number of his children were born. That restless spirit of adventure pictured in his mind the beautiful and fruitful lands of Georgia and the Carolinas, when he in company with a large number of others migrated to that section of the country. A portion of the company settled near Charlotte, North Carolina, another, including Joseph Carroll and family, continued the journey farther south until they came to Allison's creek, in York District, South Carolina, near where this stream empties into the Catawba river. This was in the latter part of 1751 or early in 1752. He had some time prior to this obtained a grant of land from the British Crown and, selecting a tract of 840 acres on Allison's creek he began a settlement there in 1753. He also obtained by this grant a large tract of land five or six miles south of his homestead and another tract along the Catawba river, in all amounting to five thousand seven hundred and sixty acres of land. In 1753 he built a dwelling house in the bottom lands of Allisons creek, from yellow swamp pine logs cut from his lands five miles distant and hauled to where they were used. This house was a two story structure, twenty-four by thirty feet, and stood for more than one hundred and twenty-five years. His great-grandson, Thomas M. Carroll, visited that section in 1878 and the old house was still standing, but unoccupied. It was in this home that Joseph Carroll died in 1786, at the age of eighty-seven years. He was one of those sturdy old pioneers who lived up to his religion seven days in a week, a devout Presbyterian.

 Joseph Carroll was born in Tyrone County, Ireland in 1699. He came to America and settled in Chester County, Pennsylvania in 1729. Having received a land grant awarded to his father, John Carroll for services rendered in the Army of William, Prince of Orange, he settled in York District, South Carolina in 1750, and located his land claim in that district on Allison and Bullocks Creeks and the Little Catawba River." Joseph provided the Continental Army with provisions during the Revolutionary War. Joseph and his wife Jennet had 14 children.

John H Carroll 1727-1780

Mary Carroll 1728-1815

Janet “Jane” Carroll 1729-1783

Catherine Carroll 1730-

Elizabeth Carroll 1731-1783

Thomas Carroll 1736-1829

Jane Carroll 1740-1784

Hannah Carroll 1742-1818

Ann Carroll 1743-1784

Joseph Elias Carroll Jr 1746-1803

Samuel Carroll 1748-1783

Hannah Carroll 1752-1801

The Carroll family history can be traced back to Scotland to a John Carroll, born in 1664. His son, Joseph Carroll, Sr. was born in Tyrone County Ireland, and came to York County South Carolina. There is a double connection in this family which eventually connects to the Durham family. It is here that I want to take the opportunity to trace the maternal side of Lucien Homer Durham. His mother was Elizabeth Carroll, born ca. 1811, probably in York Co. S.C. She married George G. Durham, b. ca. 1791. Their history and children can be found under George G. Durham heading in chapter six.

Joseph Carroll, Sr. born Sept. 15, 1699 in Tyrone Co. Ireland, married Janet Swansey. She died 1796 in York Co. S. C. Joseph died 1785 in York Co. S. C. On October 29, 1780, while residing in York Co. S. C., Joseph Carroll, Sr. provided the Continental Army with nine head of cattle, one day's rations for thirty men, and forage for fifteen horses. 

Thomas, John & Joseph Carroll all fought in the Revolutionary War. Thomas and John are attributed with firing the SHOT that killed Captain Christian Huckster, the Leader and the person in charge of the British Army in South Carolina. If you look up Christian Huck in Wikipedia, read about him, you will see very clearly why they killed him. 

Joseph Carroll 1760-1838 had a wheat and corn mill north of the North Carolina/South Carolina line. Joseph was shot during a robbery at the mill bay gunman, who they say jumped on a train and escaped. After Joseph was killed and at his funeral another woman showed up and they discovered that she was Joseph’s common-law-wife from North Carolina at the same time he was married to his now wife Elizabeth. The murder was never solved and to this day has still not been.

 James Franklin Henderson 1795-1861

From York County, South Carolina. He was one of the Henderson in the Book ``The Henderson’s of Brushy Creek Anderson Co, Texas. Obituary from NewsPaper in Texas.

Born in Pickens County, South Carolina June 30, 1834. Moved to Anderson County, Texas in 1854. He was married to Florence Rosser in 1858 and to them were born 12 children. 8 sons and 4 daughters, 3 daughters and 2 sons surviving together with their aged mother. 

Mr Henderson was baptized in infancy in the Presbyterian church and was proud to claim membership with that branch of the church until his death. He was also a Prohibitionist and voted  in the first prohibition election held in Texas and lived to see prohibition carried out in the state. He was very proud of his record as a member of the Confederate Army in which he served 4 years. 

Mr Henderson was a man far above the average in mental attainments; with a wonderful memory that could be depended on for dates and times of important events in connection with the history of Texas and indeed of the entire southwestern country. 

A man of intense conviction and loyal to what he deemed right, he never surrendered and fought death as he had fought all other enemies only surrendering against the overwhelming odds of old age and sickness. He was made a Mason over 64 years ago, and was proud of his affiliations with that body. He was probably the oldest Mason in the state and was recently honored in a special manner by his brethren of the city. 

John Henderson 1756-1840 5th Great Uncle was born in Rowan County, North Carolina. He died in Selmer, McNairy County, Tennessee. 

There is a little small town north of Selmer called Henderson, Tennessee. I drove up there last week to my daughter’s wedding. Her husband is from Selmer. I looked Up the town of Henderson when I got back home and found out it was named after John Henderson. He was a Captain in the Revolutionary War. John Henderson married Elizabeth Lindsey born 1762-. Another person or family member from Henderson (McNairy County) was Elizabeth Henderson who married Brigadier General John H Meeks 1814. 

John Frank Henderson 1834-1920 

James moved to Anderson County, Texas in 1854 and married Florence Rosser four years later.

"J.F. Henderson enlisted Oct 1, 1861 at Kickapoo, Texas and served 3 years in the C Company of the 7th Regiment, Texas Infantry of the Confederacy during the Civil War. He enlisted under S.T. Briggs. He mustered into Camp Roll at Marshall, Texas Oct 2, 1861 under General John Gregg. He was captured at Donelson on Feb. 16, 1862 and held as a POW at Camp Douglas, Illinois August 1, 1862. He was sent to Vicksburg, Mississippi on a Prisoner Exchange April 4, 1863. He returned to his original company and was appointed 1st Sgt.. He was captured again at Franklin, Tennessee on Nov 30, 1864 and held as a POW at military prison in Louisville, Kentucky.

"He was a Presbyterian all his life and a firm supporter of Prohibition. He was "A man of intense convictions, loyal to what he deemed right." He was thought to be "a man far above the average in mental attainment with a wonderful memory that could be depended on for dates of important events in Texas history and indeed the entire Southwest."

"It was April 15, 1920 when James passed away at his home in Eddy County (Malaga) New Mexico. He was buried in the Carlsbad Municipal Cemetery, Carlsbad, New Mexico  next to his son Thomas Lafayette Henderson and his wife, Florence Rosser Henderson. He had been a Mason over 64 years and had a Masonic rites internment."

In the 1870 Census, the Henderson family was living in Carthage, Panola County, Texas. Father J.F. Henderson, 35, was a farmer born in SC, married to Florence, 32, born VA. They lived with their 3 Texas-born children: daughter Frank, 8, and sons Foster, 4, and Joseph, 

In the 1900 Census, the Henderson family lived in Stephenville, Erath County, Texas. Father James F. was 65, a farmer born in South Carolina June 1834; he had been married to Florence 61, b. VA, for 42 years. She had had 12 children, 5 of whom were still living, and 4 still living with them, all born in Texas: twins Tom and Florence L. Henderson 24, Jeanette 22, and Quine 18

Vincent Homer Henderson born in 1879 in Cass County, Texas. He died in Marion County, Texas in 1952. He married Alma Nellie Earp born in Cass County, Texas in 1883. She died in Marion County, Texas also in 1934. Alma Earp was kin to the Wyatt Earp Family.

The Famous Gunfight at the O K Corral in Tombstone, Arizona where the Earp’s shot it out with the Outlaws Cochise County Cowboys. Marshall Virgil Earp, Deputy Marshall Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday and Special Policeman Morgan Earp had been getting threats from the cowboys that they were going to kill the Earp men. The cowboys were Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy and Ike Clanton. On October 26, 1881 the shootout took place at the end of town at the O K Corral. They killed Tom, Frank and Billy. Ike took off running and left. On December 29 friends of the cowboys retaliated and ambushed Virgil leaving him shot in the arm. 

Morgan was shot and killed on March 18, 1882 at night through a window of a door while playing billiards. 

Wyatt got up a posse with brother Warren and set out for the cowboys that shot Morgan.

Wyatt Earp was born in Illinois in 1848 and died in Los Angeles, California in 1929. He was a Lawman, Buffalo Hunter, Saloon Keeper, Miner, Boxing Referee, Gambler & Brothel Keeper. He married 4 times.

Morgan Earp born in Iowa in 1851 and was shot dead in 1882 in Tombstone, Arizona. He was a Soldier of the Union Army, Sheriff, Stage Shotgun Messenger & Deputy U S Marshall.

Virgil Earp was born in Hartford, Kentucky in 1843. He died in 1905 in Goldfield, Nevada. He was a Union Soldier, Deputy U S Marshall, Farmer, Railroad Construction, Stagecoach Driver, Sawyer, Mailman, Prospector & Saloon Keeper.

Warren Earp born in Iowa in 1855. He died in 1900 of a gunshot from an argument in Willcox, Arizona. He was a Stagecoach Driver, Frontiersman & Deputy

Newton Earp born in Ohio County, Kentucky in 1837. He died in 1928 in Sacrament, California. He was City Marshall in Garden City, Kansas, Farmer, Carpenter, Union Soldier & Pioneer. He was also a Mason. He was half brother to Wyatt and the other Earp men. 

James Cooksey Earp born in 1841 in Hartford, Kentucky. He died in San Bernardino, California in 1926. He was in the Union Army and a Saloon Keeper.

When I drove from Mesa, Arizona to Jacksonville, Florida I went back through south Arizona and south Texas and stopped in Tombstone. It was well worth it. I also went to Coffeeville, Kansas on my way to South Dakota to the Post Office and Bank the Clanton Gang robbed. The Clantons were from Coffeeville, Kansas. I have always loved anything to do with the old west back then.

Henderson and Cloninger Family

Enoch Daniel Henderson 1856-1925 married Ida Cloninger 1869-1932. I was Amos Burl Cloninger's daughter. Enoch was from Pickens County, Alabama and Ida from Davis, Texas. They lived in Stillwater, Oklahoma. This is a little story written on the family’s Reunion August 6, 1939.

REUNION SUNDAY, AUGUST 6, 1939 Khynes, Linebergers, Cloningers and Kin. At the Allie Cloninger home 1 mile East of Hughes Springs. C County, Texas. Last year we made a call for a Cloninger to get together at this place, 490 came. This year we expected 1000. We expect all to bring well filled baskets and have a great time. Then they lived in Maryland and from there to Western, N. C. The brother became overheated while cradling when he drank cold water and died suddenly. Adam Cloninger married the daughter of the Pioneer Rein, and they are the ancestors of the American Cloningers. To them were born: Adam Cloninger who married Susanna Clemmer and Elizabeth Plonk. Thomas married Mary Rhyne. Jacob married Elizabeth Clemmer. David married Susanna Senter and Katie Huffstetter. Lizzie Mollie married Lewis Clemmer. Eve married George Hovis. Fannie died single. Barbara married John M. Sides. Catherine married William Senter. Jacob Rein came from the upper Rhine River in Germany and settled for a while at York, Pennsylvania about 17 then came to Western North Carolina. He married Elizabeth Wills in Germany or in Pennsylvania. To them were born 8 children. Jacob married Elizabeth Best. Eve Madeline married Adam Cloninger. Peter married Agnie W Michael married Barbara Hoyle. Mollie Sarah Catherine married John Hovis. Phillip married Hanna Hoyle. Thomas married Barbara Wise. These became the ancestors of many Rhynes in America. A-Jam Cloninger and a brother came from the same place in Germany to York, Pa., and fought in American Revolution To Adam Cloninger and Susanna Clemmer were born 11 children, Susianna died and Adam married Eliza Plonk but they had no children. Their children: Moses married Kate Bolinger, 2 children in Ark. Felty married Ma Long. 7 children in Ark. John married Vinnie Morris, sister to Col. W. G. Morris, 7 children in Cass County, Tex Adam married Harriette Featherstone, 2 children in Ark. Peggy married Michael Lineberger, 5 children. Susan married John Bell, 10 children. Betsy married Peter Lineberger, 6 children, Texas. Lavinia married Joseph Rhyne. married Upton Bynum, 2 children. Weatherford, Texas.

The first of these kin who came to Texas from North Carolina were Bennie Morris, brother-in law of John Cloninger with his second wife, 8 children, wagons, horses and 15 slaves, with him also came Spencer Shelton with his second wife and children also uncle Bennie's son in-law John Beaty and family. They left N. C. 1856 and landed in the Concord community in January 1857. Uncle Bennie bought and cleared several hundred acres of land between Flat Creek and Cypress. He was killed by a falling tree. John Beaty settled just East of Cypress North of the highway, where his son Sam Beaty still lives. Uncle Spencer Shelton settled West of Cypress where his son George recently died and his grandsons still live. In 1859 Jake Rhyne, George Hedrick and Amos Cloninger came over. Amos’s daughter Ida married Enoch D Henderson. Amos Cloninger joined the Confederate Army and raised a company serving as Captain. In 1860 John Cloninger and family, Perry Rhyne, Burt Lineberger and others not kin came over and settled in the Concord community. In 1866 Peter Limburger settled 3 miles S. W. of Avenger. He and Aunt Katy spent the rest of their lives there and are buried at Avenger. I recently bought a copy of Our Kin, a large book of 600 pages published in 1915. It traces 20 pioneer family names from first pioneers down to 1915. I am doing my best to have several copies of this book and some North Carolina kin at this reunion. We wish to discuss plans for perpetuating our family history. We will have our Citizens Journal supplement tracing our Cass County history for the last 65 years. We wish a complete register made of all kin who attend this Reunion August 6, 1939. Will you kindly have a complete record written ready to hand to the secretary when you arrive. Mention important incidents in your family history. We now have an interesting letter from a gold star mother who went to France. Anything real interesting about our kin has been written ready for the secretary. Bring your Kodaks and best looks. Bring full baskets there will be hundreds to feed. You can get family group photos on the grounds. Come early and stay late Read enclosed circular and pass to other kin. God he with von till was most again The Linebergers father, mother and 3 sons Peter, Lewis and John came from the same place in Germany and after sailing from England had a most tempestuous voyage of 18 months. Tradition says they had much gold. The father and mother died and were buried at sea. The ship authorities confiscated all their gold and the 3 boys landed penniless. They bought lands in Lincoln and Catawba Counties, N. C. in 1768 to 1770. Their descendants are scattered over much of America. cord of the Cloninger Family. Price 25 cents.

Richard Henderson (jurist)

Richard Henderson (April 20, 1735–January 30, 1785) was an American pioneer and merchant who attempted to create a colony called Transylvania just as the American Revolutionary War was starting. After the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the organization of the state government in North Carolina, he was re-elected judge, but was prevented from accepting that position by his participation in a scheme organized under the name of the Transylvania Compact.

Richard Henderson,

Henderson was born in Hanover County, Virginia Colony on April 20, 1735. His parents were Samuel Henderson and Elizabeth Williams Henderson. He had a brother, Thomas Henderson. In 1762, he moved to Granville County, North Carolina, studied law, was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and in 1769 was appointed judge of the Inferior Court.

Viewed as a member of the gentry, he had been a target of Regulator violence. He was a member of a Church of England parish in Williamsboro during this time.

In 1772, surveyors placed the land officially within the domain of the Cherokee tribe, who required negotiation of a lease with the settlers. Tragedy struck as the lease was being celebrated when a Cherokee warrior was murdered by a white man. James Robertson's skillful diplomacy made peace with the irate Native Americans, who threatened to expel the settlers by force if necessary.

In 1775, a treaty was held between the Cherokee and a delegation of the Transylvania Company, headed by Richard Henderson. Under the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (or the Treaty of Watauga) at present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee, the Transylvania Company purchased a vast amount of land from the Cherokees, including most of present-day Kentucky and part of Tennessee.

The treaty was technically illegal since the purchase of land from Native Americans was reserved by the government in the Proclamation of 1763 (the British, the governments of Virginia and North Carolina, and, later, the United States, all forbade private purchase of land from Indians).

During the treaty, Dragging Canoe, son of the Cherokee chief Attacullaculla, made a speech condemning the sale of Cherokee land and broke from the general Cherokee tribal government to form the sub-tribe known as the Chickamauga. After Henderson's Transylvania Company had bought Kentucky (although other tribes claimed it, such as the Shawnee), Daniel Boone was hired to widen the Indian path over Cumberland Gap to facilitate migration. This road became known as the Wilderness Road.

The Transylvania Purchase at Sycamore Shoals in Elizabethton, Tennessee and The Wilderness Road into Kentucky.

In 1775, Henderson gathered chiefs of the Cherokee Indians and negotiated the Treaty of Watauga at Sycamore Shoals at present day Elizabethton, Tennessee, during which time he purchased all the land lying between the Cumberland River, the Cumberland Mountains, and the Kentucky River, and situated south of the Ohio River.

The land thus delineated encompassed an area half as large as the present state of Kentucky. In order to facilitate settlement, Henderson hired Daniel Boone, who had hunted extensively in Kentucky, to blaze the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap and into the Transylvania land purchase. Henderson also purchased the land known as the Path Grant that allowed access to the Transylvania lands. That purchase is described on the Path Grant Deed.

To appease other prominent early explorers, Henderson held out other rewards. He offered Joseph Martin, founder of Martin's Station on Martin's Creek in present-day Rose Hill, Lee County, Virginia, a spot as an agent and entry taker for the company, in charge of keeping tabs on settlers moving westward; Henderson offered Martin's brother Bryce a tract of 500 acres (2.0 km2) adjacent to the Cumberland Gap.

The Transylvania Constitutional Convention, May 23, 1775 at Boonesborough. Anonymous sketch: "On May 23, 1775 a convention of the people in the deep wilderness of Kentucky gathered in a constitutional convention, meeting under the shade of a huge elm tree (the limbs of which extended at least a hundred feet wide), and which its president, Richard Henderson, called "our Church, State-house, Council Chamber, etc."

Henderson followed Boone to a site that came to be called Boonesborough, located on the southern bank of the Kentucky River, Henderson encouraged the few settlers there to hold a constitutional convention.

In May 1775, under the shade of a huge elm tree, a compact organizing a frame of government was drafted. The intended government entailed executive, legislative, and judicial branches. After concluding the Transylvania Compact, Henderson returned to North Carolina and on behalf of his fellow investors in the land scheme petitioned Congress seeking to make Transylvania America’s fourteenth colony. Despite those efforts, Congress was unwilling to act without the consent of Virginia and North Carolina, both of whom claimed jurisdiction over the region in question.

In June 1776 the Virginia General Assembly prohibited the Transylvania Land Company from making demands on settlers in the region and in December 1778 declared the Transylvania claim void.

Henderson and his partners instead received a grant of 12 square miles (31 km²), on the Ohio River below the mouth of Green River.

In 1779, Judge Henderson was appointed one of six commissioners to run the line between Virginia and North Carolina into Powell's valley. He settled in North Carolina, where he practiced farming on a large scale. He served as a captain (1779-1781) in the Granville County Regiment of the Hillsborough District Brigade in the North Carolina militia in the Revolutionary War.

He represented Granville County, North Carolina in the House of Commons of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1781. He was elected by the legislatures to be one of the Councilors of State in 1772 and 1788.

One of his sons, Leonard Henderson, was a Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1829–1833). Henderson, North Carolina was named for him. The other son, Archibald Henderson, was a legislator representing Rowan County, North Carolina.

He died at the age of 49 on January 30, 1785. He was buried on his farm near Williamsboro, North Carolina on Nutbush Creek. His wife was Elizabeth Keeling, the daughter of an English peer, Lord Keeling. Their children were Fanny (b. 1764), Richard (b. 1766), Archibald (b. 1768), Elizabeth (b. 1770), Leonard (b. 1778), and John (b. 1780).

Henderson County, Illinois was named for Richard Henderson as was Henderson County, Kentucky and its seat Henderson, Kentucky.

Ashland was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973

Sir Henry Bourchier 1404-1483 1st Earl of Essex, 5th Baron Bourchier, 1st Viscount Bourchier, Knight of the Order of Garter

Sir William Bourchier 1374-1420 1st Count of Eu Normandy, Constable of the Tower of London, Earl of Ewe in Normandy

 by Henry V. Royal Descendants of 500 Immigrants 

Anne of Gloucester Plantagenet 1383-1438 

Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford (30 April 1383-16 October 1438) was the eldest daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, and Eleanor de Bohun.

«b»Family«/b»

Anne was born on 30 April 1383 and was baptized at Pleshey, Essex, sometime before 6 May. Her uncle, John of Gaunt, ordered several payments to be made in regards to the event.

Her father was the youngest son of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Her mother was Eleanor de Bohun, the daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, and Joan Fitzalan. Her mother was also a great-great-granddaughter of Edward I.

«b»Marriage with Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford«/b»

Anne married three times. Her first marriage was to Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford (1368-4 July 1392), and took place around 1390. The couple had no children. After her husband's death, Anne married his younger brother Edmund.

«b»Issue of Anne and Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford«/b»

On 28 June 1398, Anne married Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford (2 March 1378-21 July 1403). They had three children together:

1.) Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who married Anne, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland. Joan was a daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his third wife Katherine Swynford.

2.) Anne Stafford, Countess of March, who married Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March. Edmund was a great-grandson of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. Edmund and Anne had no children. She married secondly John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (d. 1447), and had one son, Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter (d. 1475), and a daughter Anne, who married John Neville, 1st Baron Neville de Raby.

3.) Philippa Stafford, died young

Issue of Anne and William Bourchier, Count of Eu

In about 1405, Anne married William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu (d. 1420), son of Sir William Bourchier and Eleanor of Louvain, by whom she had the following children:

1.) Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex. He married Isabel of Cambridge, daughter of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, and Anne de Mortimer. Isabel was also an older sister of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.

2.) Eleanor Bourchier, Duchess of Norfolk, married John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

3.) William Bourchier, 9th Baron FitzWarin

4.) Cardinal Thomas Bourchier

5.) John Bourchier, Baron Berners. John was the grandfather of John, Lord Berners, the translator of Froissart

6.) Anne died on 16 Oct 1438 and was buried at Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire.

Anne de Mortimer

Anne de Mortimer (27 December 1388 – c. 22 September 1411) was a medieval English noblewoman who became an ancestress to the royal House of York, one of the parties in the fifteenth-century dynastic Wars of the Roses. It was her line of descent which gave the Yorkist dynasty its claim to the throne. Anne was the mother of Richard, Duke of York, and thus grandmother of kings Edward IV and Richard III.

Coat of arms of Anne Mortimer[1]

Born

27 December 1388

Died

c. 22 September 1411 (aged 22)

Burial

Kings Langley, Hertfordshire

Spouse

Richard of Conisburgh (m. 1408)

Issue

Detail

Isabel of York, Countess of Essex

Henry of York

Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York

House

Mortimer

Father

Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March

Mother

Eleanor Holland

Arms of Anne Mortimer before her marriage to Richard of Conisburgh

Born on 27 December 1388, Anne Mortimer was the eldest of the four children of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (1374–1398), and Eleanor Holland (1370–1405). She had two brothers, Edmund, 5th Earl of March (1391–1425), and Roger (1393–1413?), as well as a sister, Eleanor.

Anne's father was a descendant of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of King Edward III of England, an ancestry which made Mortimer a potential heir to the throne during the reign of the childless King Richard II. Upon Roger Mortimer's death in 1398, this claim passed to his son and heir, Anne's brother Edmund, Earl of March. In 1399, Richard II was deposed by Henry IV, of the House of Lancaster, making Edmund Mortimer a dynastic threat to the new king, who in turn placed both Edmund and his brother Roger under royal custody.

Anne and her sister Eleanor remained in the care of their mother, Countess Eleanor, who, not long after her first husband's death, married Lord Edward Charleton of Powys. Following their mother's death in 1405, the sisters fared less well than their brothers and were described as "destitute", needing £100 per annum for themselves and their servants.

Conisbrough Castle, home of the family of Anne Mortimer's husband.

Around early 1408 (probably after 8 January), Anne married Richard of Conisburgh (1385–1415), the second son of Edmund, Duke of York (fourth son of King Edward III). The marriage was undertaken secretly and probably with haste, without the knowledge of her nearest relatives, and was validated on 23 May 1408 by papal dispensation.

Anne Mortimer and Richard of Conisburgh had two sons and a daughter:

Isabel of York (1409 – 2 October 1484), who in 1412, at three years of age, was betrothed to Sir Thomas Grey, son and heir of Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton (1384–1415), by whom she had one son. Isabel married secondly, before 25 April 1426 (the marriage being later validated by papal dispensation), Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, by whom she had issue.

Henry of York

Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (22 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), Yorkist claimant to the English throne, and father of kings Edward IV and Richard III

Anne Mortimer died soon after the birth of her son Richard on 22 September 1411. She was probably buried at Kings Langley, Hertfordshire, once the site of Kings Langley Palace, perhaps in the conventual church that houses the tombs of her husband's parents Edmund of Langley and Isabella of Castile.

On the Henderson side of King Edward III of England, he married Eleanor of Castile 1240-1290 of Spain. She was Queen's consort of England, Lady of Ireland and Countess of Ponthieu. The first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony.

The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband. She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited. When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross.

Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation. She was a keen patron of literature, and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs. She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu. Her father was Fernando III Rey de Castillo y Leon 1199-1252 of Spain. Mother was Jeanne de Dammartin 1220-1279 of France. I traced the family back on her father’s side to  Anscario I d’Ivrea 840-902 The “Burgundian”. On her mother’s side to Marcomir IV de Francie Roi des Francs 0069-0143 

King Edward III of England 1312-1377 Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Ponthieu, King of England, Lord of Ireland, lord of Aquitaine, House of Plantagenet 

Edward III of England

"Edward III" and "Edward of Windsor" 

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His fifty-year reign was the second-longest in medieval English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II.

Edward III

Edward III, detail from his bronze effigy in Westminster Abbey

King of England 

Reign

25 January 1327 – 21 June 1377

Coronation

1 February 1327

Predecessor

Edward II

Successor

Richard II

Regent

Isabella and Roger Mortimer (1327–1330)

Born

13 November 1312

Windsor Castle, Berkshire

Died

21 June 1377 (aged 64)

Sheen Palace, Richmond, London

Burial

5 July 1377

Westminster Abbey, London

Spouse

Philippa of Hainault

(m. 1328; died 1369)

Issue

Detail

Edward the Black Prince

Isabella, Countess of Bedford

Joan

Lionel, Duke of Clarence

John, Duke of Lancaster

Edmund, Duke of York

Mary, Duchess of Brittany

Margaret, Countess of Pembroke

Thomas, Duke of Gloucester

House

Plantagenet

Father

Edward II of England

Mother

Isabella of France

Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer. At age seventeen he led a successful coup d'état against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. After a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337. This started what became known as the Hundred Years' War. Following some initial setbacks, this first phase of the war went exceptionally well for England; victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favorable Treaty of Brétigny, in which England made territorial gains, and Edward renounced his claim to the French throne. This phase would become known as the Edwardian War. Edward's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health.

Edward was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, he was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians such as Bishop William Stubbs, but modern historians credit him with some significant achievements.

Drawing of effigy of King Edward III in Westminster Abbey

Edward was born at Windsor Castle on 13 November 1312, and was often called Edward of Windsor in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was a particularly problematic period of English history. One source of contention was the king's inactivity, and repeated failure, in the ongoing war with Scotland. Another controversial issue was the king's exclusive patronage of a small group of royal favourites. The birth of a male heir in 1312 temporarily improved Edward II's position in relation to the baronial opposition. To bolster further the independent prestige of the young prince, the king had him created Earl of Chester at only twelve days of age.

In 1325, Edward II was faced with a demand from his brother-in-law, Charles IV of France, to perform homage for the English Duchy of Aquitaine. Edward was reluctant to leave the country, as discontent was once again brewing domestically, particularly over his relationship with the favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger.  Instead, he had his son Edward created Duke of Aquitaine in his place and sent him to France to perform the homage. The young Edward was accompanied by his mother Isabella, who was the sister of King Charles, and was meant to negotiate a peace treaty with the French. While in France, Isabella conspired with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support for the venture, Isabella had her son engaged to the twelve-year-old Philippa of Hainault. An invasion of England was launched and Edward II's forces deserted him completely. Isabella and Mortimer summoned a parliament, and the king was forced to relinquish the throne to his son, who was proclaimed king in London on 25 January 1327. The new king was crowned as Edward III at Westminster Abbey on 1 February at the age of 14.

It was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position at court of Mortimer, who was now the de facto ruler of England. Mortimer used his power to acquire noble estates and titles, and his unpopularity grew with the humiliating defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stanhope Park in County Durham, and the ensuing Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, signed with the Scots in 1328.  Also the young king came into conflict with his guardian. Mortimer knew his position in relation to the king was precarious and subjected Edward to disrespect. The tension increased after Edward and Philippa, who had married at York Minster on 24 January 1328, had a son, Edward of Woodstock, on 15 June 1330. Eventually, the king decided to take direct action against Mortimer. Aided by his close companion William Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu, and a small number of other trusted men, Edward took Mortimer by surprise at Nottingham Castle on 19 October 1330. Mortimer was executed and Edward III's personal reign began.

Edward III was not content with the peace agreement made in his name, but the renewal of the war with Scotland originated in private, rather than royal initiative. A group of English magnates known as The Disinherited, who had lost land in Scotland by the peace accord, staged an invasion of Scotland and won a great victory at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332. They attempted to install Edward Balliol as king of Scotland in place of the infant David II, but Balliol was soon expelled and was forced to seek the help of Edward III. The English king responded by laying siege to the important border town of Berwick and defeated a large relieving army at the Battle of Halidon Hill. He reinstated Balliol on the throne and received a substantial amount of land in southern Scotland. These victories proved hard to sustain, as forces loyal to David II gradually regained control of the country. In 1338, Edward III was forced to agree to a truce with the Scots.

                     

To mark his claim to the French crown, Edward quartered the arms of France, placing them in the first and fourth quarters. English stained glass, c. 1350–1377

One reason for the change of strategy towards Scotland was a growing concern for the relationship between England and France. As long as Scotland and France were in an alliance, the English were faced with the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts. The French carried out raids on English coastal towns, leading to rumours in England of a full-scale French invasion. In 1337, Philip VI of France confiscated the English king's Duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Instead of seeking a peaceful resolution to the conflict by paying homage to the French king, as his father had done, Edward responded by laying claim to the French crown as the grandson of Philip IV. The French rejected this based on the precedents for agnatic succession set in 1316 and 1322. Instead, they upheld the rights of Philip IV's nephew, King Philip VI (an agnatic descendant of the House of France), thereby setting the stage for the Hundred Years' War. In the early stages of the war, Edward's strategy was to build alliances with other Continental rulers. In 1338, Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, named Edward vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire and promised his support. As late as 1373, the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 established an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. These measures produced few results; the only major military victory in this phase of the war was the English naval victory at Sluys on 24 June 1340, which secured its control of the English Channel.

Meanwhile, the fiscal pressure on the kingdom caused by Edward's expensive alliances led to discontent at home. The regency council at home was frustrated by the mounting national debt, while the king and his commanders on the Continent were angered by the failure of the government in England to provide sufficient funds. To deal with the situation, Edward himself returned to England, arriving in London unannounced on 30 November 1340. Finding the affairs of the realm in disorder, he purged the royal administration of a great number of ministers and judges. These measures did not bring domestic stability, and a stand-off ensued between the king and John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, during which Stratford's relatives Robert Stratford, Bishop of Chichester, and Henry de Stratford were temporarily stripped of title and imprisoned respectively. Stratford claimed that Edward had violated the laws of the land by arresting royal officers. A certain level of conciliation was reached at the parliament of April 1341. Here Edward was forced to accept severe limitations to his financial and administrative freedom, in return for a grant of taxation. Yet in October the same year, the king repudiated this statute and Archbishop Stratford was politically ostracised. The extraordinary circumstances of the April parliament had forced the king into submission, but under normal circumstances the powers of the king in medieval England were virtually unlimited, a fact that Edward was able to exploit.

Groat featuring Edward III

Historian Nicholas Rodger called Edward III's claim to be the "Sovereign of the Seas'' into question, arguing there was hardly any royal navy before the reign of Henry V (1413–22). Despite Rodger's view, King John had already developed a royal fleet of galleys and had attempted to establish an administration for these ships and others which were arrested (privately owned ships pulled into royal/national service). Henry III, his successor, continued this work. Notwithstanding the fact that he, along with his predecessor, had hoped to develop a strong and efficient naval administration, their endeavours produced one that was informal and mostly ad hoc. A formal naval administration emerged during Edward's reign which was composed of lay administrators and headed by William de Clewre, Matthew de Torksey, and John de Hayfield successively with them being titled Clerk of the King's Ships. Sir Robert de Crull was the last to fill this position during Edward III's reign and would have the longest tenure in this position. It was during his tenure that Edward's naval administration would become a base for what evolved during the reigns of successors such as Henry VIII's Council of Marine and Navy Board and Charles I's Board of Admiralty. Rodger also argues that for much of the fourteenth century, the French had the upper hand, apart from Sluys in 1340 and, perhaps, off Winchelsea in 1350. Yet, the French never invaded England and King John II of France died in captivity in England. There was a need for an English navy to play a role in this and to handle other matters, such as the insurrection of the Anglo-Irish lords and acts of piracy.[41]

By the early 1340s, it was clear that Edward's policy of alliances was too costly, and yielded too few results. The following years saw more direct involvement by English armies, including in the Breton War of Succession, but these interventions also proved fruitless at first. Edward defaulted on Florentine loans of 1,365,000 florins, resulting in the ruin of the lenders.

A major change came in July 1346, when Edward staged a major offensive, sailing for Normandy with a force of 15,000 men. His army sacked the city of Caen, and marched across northern France, to meet up with English forces in Flanders. It was not Edward's initial intention to engage the French army, but at Crécy, just north of the Somme, he found favorable terrain and decided to fight a pursuing army led by Philip VI. On 26 August, the English army defeated a far larger French army in the Battle of Crécy. Shortly after this, on 17 October, an English army defeated and captured King David II of Scotland at the Battle of Neville's Cross. With his northern borders secured, Edward felt free to continue his major offensive against France, laying siege to the town of Calais. The operation was the greatest English venture of the Hundred Years' War, involving an army of 35,000 men. The siege started on 4 September 1346, and lasted until the town surrendered on 3 August 1347./

Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy

After the fall of Calais, factors outside of Edward's control forced him to wind down the war effort. In 1348, the Black Death struck England with full force, killing a third or more of the country's population. This loss of manpower led to a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The great landowners struggled with the shortage of manpower and the resulting inflation in labour cost. To curb the rise in wages, the king and parliament responded with the Ordinance of Labourers in 1349, followed by the Statute of Labourers in 1351. These attempts to regulate wages could not succeed in the long run, but in the short term they were enforced with great vigour. All in all, the plague did not lead to a full-scale breakdown of government and society, and recovery was remarkably swift. This was to a large extent thanks to the competent leadership of royal administrators such as Treasurer William Edington and Chief Justice William de Shareshull.

It was not until the mid-1350s that military operations on the Continent were resumed on a large scale. In 1356, Edward's eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, won an important victory in the Battle of Poitiers. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only routed the French, but captured the French king John II and his youngest son, Philip. After a succession of victories, the English held great possessions in France, the French king was in English custody, and the French central government had almost totally collapsed. There has been a historical debate as to whether Edward's claim to the French crown originally was genuine, or if it was simply a political ploy meant to put pressure on the French government. Regardless of the original intent, the stated claim now seemed to be within reach. Yet a campaign in 1359, meant to complete the undertaking, was inconclusive. In 1360, therefore, Edward accepted the Treaty of Brétigny, whereby he renounced his claims to the French throne, but secured his extended French possessions in full sovereignty.

              

While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. The day-to-day affairs of the state had less appeal to Edward than military campaigning, so during the 1360s Edward increasingly relied on the help of his subordinates, in particular William Wykeham. A relative upstart, Wykeham was made Keeper of the Privy Seal in 1363 and Chancellor in 1367, though due to political difficulties connected with his inexperience, the Parliament forced him to resign the chancellorship in 1371. Compounding Edward's difficulties were the deaths of his most trusted men, some from the 1361–62 recurrence of the plague. William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Edward's companion in the 1330 coup, died as early as 1344. William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, who had also been with the king at Nottingham, died in 1354. One of the earls created in 1337, William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, died in 1360, and the next year Henry of Grosmont, perhaps the greatest of Edward's captains, succumbed to what was probably plague. Their deaths left the majority of the magnates younger and more naturally aligned to the princes than to the king himself.

King Edward III grants Aquitaine to his son Edward, the Black Prince. 

Increasingly, Edward began to rely on his sons for the leadership of military operations. The king's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, attempted to subdue by force the largely autonomous Anglo-Irish lords in Ireland. The venture failed, and the only lasting mark he left were the suppressive Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. In France, meanwhile, the decade following the Treaty of Brétigny was one of relative tranquillity, but on 8 April 1364 John II died in captivity in England, after unsuccessfully trying to raise his own ransom at home. He was followed by the vigorous Charles V, who enlisted the help of the capable Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France. In 1369, the French war started anew, and Edward's son John of Gaunt was given the responsibility of a military campaign. The effort failed, and with the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, the great English possessions in France were reduced to only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne.

Military failure abroad, and the associated fiscal pressure of constant campaigns, led to political discontent at home. The problems came to a head in the parliament of 1376, the so-called Good Parliament. The parliament was called to grant taxation, but the House of Commons took the opportunity to address specific grievances. In particular, criticism was directed at some of the king's closest advisors. Lord Chamberlain William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer, and Steward of the Household John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby, were dismissed from their positions.[69] Edward's mistress, Alice Perrers, who was seen to hold far too much power over the ageing king, was banished from court.  Yet the real adversary of the Commons, supported by powerful men such as Wykeham and Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, was John of Gaunt. Both the king and Edward of Woodstock were by this time incapacitated by illness, leaving Gaunt in virtual control of government. Gaunt was forced to give in to the demands of parliament, but at its next convocation, in 1377, most of the achievements of the Good Parliament were reversed.

Edward did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government of the realm. Around 29 September 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February 1377, the king died of a stroke at Sheen on 21 June. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, son of Edward of Woodstock, since Woodstock himself had died on 8 June 1376.

Edward II of England

"Edward II"  (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Following his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. He married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns.

Reign

8 July 1307 – 20 January 1327

Coronation

25 February 1308

Predecessor

Edward I

Successor

Edward III

Born

25 April 1284

Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd, Wales

Died

21 September 1327 (aged 43)

Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire

Burial

20 December 1327

Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucestershire, England

Spouse

Isabella of France (m. 1308)

Issue

Detail

Edward III, King of England

John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall

Eleanor, Countess of Guelders

Joan, Queen of Scots

Adam FitzRoy (illegitimate)

House

Plantagenet

Father

Edward I, King of England

Mother

Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu

Edward had a close and controversial relationship with Piers Gaveston, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of their relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers or sworn brothers. Edward's relationship with Gaveston inspired Christopher Marlowe's 1592 play Edward II, along with other plays, films, novels and media. Gaveston's power as Edward's favourite provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the king into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms, called the Ordinances of 1311. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Widespread famine followed, and criticism of the king's reign mounted.

The Dispenser family, in particular Hugh Despenser the Younger, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Dispensers' lands in 1321, and forced the king to exile them. In response, Edward led a short military campaign, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Dispensers strengthened their grip on power, formally revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate a peace treaty in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Instead, she allied herself with the exiled Roger Mortimer, and invaded England with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled to Wales, where he was captured in November. The king was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favor of his 14-year-old son, Edward III, and he died in Berkeley Castle on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime.

Edward's contemporaries criticized his performance as king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics later argued that the growth of parliamentary institutions during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term. Debate over his perceived failures has continued into the 21st century.

Edward II was the fourth son of Edward I, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and ruler of Gascony in south-western France (which he held as the feudal vassal of the king of France), and Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu in northern France. Eleanor was from the Castilian royal family. Edward I proved a successful military leader, leading the suppression of the baronial revolts in the 1260s and joining the Ninth Crusade. During the 1280s he conquered North Wales, removing the native Welsh princes from power and, in the 1290s, he intervened in Scotland's civil war, claiming suzerainty over the country. He was considered an extremely successful ruler by his contemporaries, largely able to control the powerful earls that formed the senior ranks of the English nobility. The historian Michael Prestwich describes Edward I as "a king to inspire fear and respect", while John Gillingham characterizes him as an efficient bully.

Despite Edward I's successes, when he died in 1307 he left a range of challenges for his son to resolve. One of the most critical was the problem of English rule in Scotland, where Edward I's long but ultimately inconclusive military campaign was ongoing when he died. His control of Gascony created tension with the French kings. They insisted that the English kings give homage to them for the lands; the English kings saw this demand as insulting to their honour, and the issue remained unresolved.  Edward I also faced increasing opposition from his barons over the taxation and requisitions required to resource his wars, and left his son debts of around £200,000 on his death.

Caernarfon Castle, Edward's birthplace

Edward II was born in Caernarfon Castle in north Wales on 25 April 1284, less than a year after Edward I had conquered the region, and as a result is sometimes called Edward of Caernarfon. The king probably chose the castle deliberately as the location for Edward's birth as it was an important symbolic location for the native Welsh, associated with Roman imperial history, and it formed the centre of the new royal administration of North Wales. Edward's birth brought predictions of greatness from contemporary prophets, who believed that the Last Days of the world were imminent, declaring him a new King Arthur, who would lead England to glory. David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was born in Wales and could speak never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account.

Edward's name was English in origin, linking him to the Anglo-Saxon saint Edward the Confessor, and was chosen by his father instead of the more traditional Norman and Castilian names selected for Edward's brothers: John and Henry, who had died before Edward was born, and Alphonso, who died in August 1284, leaving Edward as the heir to the throne. Although Edward was a relatively healthy child, there were enduring concerns throughout his early years that he too might die and leave his father without a male heir. After his birth, Edward was looked after by a wet nurse called Mariota or Mary Maunsel for a few months until she fell ill, when Alice de Leygrave became his foster mother. He would have barely known his natural mother, Eleanor, who was in Gascony with his father during his earliest years. An official household, complete with staff, was created for the new baby, under the direction of a clerk, Giles of Oudenarde.

Portrait in Westminster Abbey, thought to be of Edward's father, Edward I

Spending increased on Edward's personal household as he grew older and, in 1293, William of Blyborough took over as its administrator. Edward was probably given a religious education by the Dominican friars, whom his mother invited into his household in 1290. He was assigned one of his grandmother's followers, Guy Ferre, as his magister, who was responsible for his discipline, training him in riding and military skills. It is uncertain how well educated Edward was; there is little evidence for his ability to read and write, although his mother was keen that her other children be well educated, and Ferre was himself a relatively learned man for the period. Edward likely mainly spoke Anglo-Norman French in his daily life, in addition to some English and possibly.

Edward had a normal upbringing for a member of a royal family. He was interested in horses and horse breeding, and became a good rider; he also liked dogs, in particular greyhounds. In his letters, he shows a quirky sense of humor, joking about sending unsatisfactory animals to his friends, such as horses who disliked carrying their riders, or lazy hunting dogs too slow to catch rabbits. He was not particularly interested in hunting or falconry, both popular activities in the 14th century. He enjoyed music, including Welsh music and the newly invented crwth instrument, as well as musical organs. He did not take part in jousting, either because he lacked the aptitude or because he had been banned from participating for his personal safety, but he was certainly supportive of the sport.

Edward grew up to be tall and muscular, and was considered good-looking by the standards of the period. He had a reputation as a competent public speaker and was known for his generosity to household staff. Unusually, he enjoyed rowing, as well as hedging and ditching, and enjoyed associating with laborers and other lower-class workers. This behavior was not considered normal for the nobility of the period and attracted criticism from contemporaries.[38]

In 1290, Edward's father had confirmed the Treaty of Birgham, in which he promised to marry his six-year-old son to the young Margaret of Norway, who had a potential claim to the crown of Scotland. Margaret died later that year, bringing an end to the plan. Edward's mother, Eleanor, died shortly afterwards, followed by his grandmother, Eleanor of Provence. Edward I was distraught at his wife's death and held a huge funeral for her; his son inherited the County of Ponthieu from Eleanor. Next, a French marriage was considered for the young Edward, to help secure a lasting peace with France, but war broke out in 1294. The idea was replaced with the proposal of a marriage to a daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders, but this too failed after it was blocked by King Philip IV of France.

Early 14th-century depiction of Edward I declaring his son Edward (right) the Prince of Wales

Between 1297 and 1298, Edward was left as regent in charge of England while the king campaigned in Flanders against Philip IV, who had occupied part of the English king's lands in Gascony. On his return, Edward I signed a peace treaty, under which he took Philip's sister, Margaret, as his wife and agreed that Prince Edward would in due course marry Philip's daughter, Isabella, who was the only two years old.  In theory, this marriage would mean that the disputed Duchy of Gascony would be inherited by a descendant of both Edward and Philip, providing a possible end to the long-running tensions. The young Edward seems to have got on well with his new stepmother, who gave birth to Edward's two half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock, in 1300 and 1301. As king, Edward later provided his brothers with financial support and titles.

Edward I returned to Scotland once again in 1300, and this time took his son with him, making him the commander of the rearguard at the siege of Caerlaverock Castle. In the spring of 1301, the king declared Edward the Prince of Wales, granting him the earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence. Edward received homage from his Welsh subjects and then joined his father for the 1301 Scottish campaign; he took an army of around 300 soldiers north with him and captured Turnberry Castle. Prince Edward also took part in the 1303 campaign during which he besieged Brechin Castle, deploying his own siege engine in the operation. In the spring of 1304, Edward conducted negotiations with the rebel Scottish leaders on the king's behalf and, when these failed, he joined his father for the siege of Stirling Castle.

In 1305, Edward and his father quarrelled, probably over the issue of money. The prince had an altercation with Bishop Walter Langton, who served as the royal treasurer, apparently over the amount of financial support Edward received from the Crown. The king defended his treasurer, and banished Prince Edward and his companions from his court, cutting off their financial support. After some negotiations involving family members and friends, the two men were reconciled.

The Scottish conflict flared up once again in 1306, when Robert the Bruce killed his rival John Comyn III of Badenoch, and declared himself King of the Scots. Edward I mobilized a fresh army, but decided that, this time, his son would be formally in charge of the expedition. Prince Edward was made the duke of Aquitaine and then, along with many other young men, he was knighted in a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey called the Feast of the Swans. Amid a huge feast in the neighboring hall, reminiscent of Arthurian legends and crusading events, the assembly took a collective oath to defeat Bruce. It is unclear what role Prince Edward's forces played in the campaign that summer, which, under the orders of Edward I, saw a punitive, brutal retaliation against Bruce's faction in Scotland. Edward returned to England in September, where diplomatic negotiations to finalize a date for his wedding to Isabella continued.

Initial from the charter granting Piers Gaveston the earldom of Cornwall

During this time, Edward became close to Piers Gaveston. Gaveston was the son of one of the king's household knights whose lands lay adjacent to Gascony, and had himself joined Prince Edward's household in 1300, possibly on Edward I's instruction. The two got on well; Gaveston became a squire and was soon being referred to as a close companion of Edward, before being knighted by the king during the Feast of the Swans in 1306. The king then exiled Gaveston to Gascony in 1307 for reasons that remain unclear. According to one chronicler, Edward had asked his father to allow him to give Gaveston the County of Ponthieu, and the king responded furiously, pulling his son's hair out in great handfuls, before exiling Gaveston. The official court records, however, show Gaveston being only temporarily exiled, supported by a comfortable stipend; no reason is given for the order, suggesting that it may have been an act aimed at punishing the prince.

The possibility that Edward had a sexual relationship with Gaveston or his later favorites has been extensively discussed by historians, complicated by the paucity of surviving evidence to determine for certain the details of their relationships. Homosexuality was fiercely condemned by the Church in 14th-century England, which equated it with heresy, but engaging in sex with another man did not necessarily define an individual's personal identity in the same way that it might in the 21st century. Both men had sexual relationships with their wives, who bore them children; Edward also had an illegitimate son, and may have had an affair with his niece, Eleanor de Clare.

The contemporary evidence supporting their homosexual relationship comes primarily from an anonymous chronicler in the 1320s who described how Edward "felt such love" for Gaveston that "he entered into a covenant of constancy, and bound himself with him before all other mortals with a bond of indissoluble love, firmly drawn up and fastened with a knot". The first specific suggestion that Edward engaged in sex with men was recorded in 1334, when Adam Orleton, the Bishop of Winchester, was accused of having stated in 1326 that Edward was a "sodomite", although Orleton defended himself by arguing that he had meant that Edward's advisor, Hugh Despenser the Younger, was a sodomite, rather than the late king. The Meaux Chronicle from the 1390s simply notes that Edward gave himself "too much to the vice of sodomy."

Alternatively, Edward and Gaveston may have simply been friends with a close working relationship. Contemporary chronicler comments are vaguely worded; Orleton's allegations were at least in part politically motivated, and are very similar to the highly politicized sodomy allegations made against Pope Boniface VIII and the Knights Templar in 1303 and 1308 respectively. Later accounts by chroniclers of Edward's activities may trace back to Orleton's original allegations, and were certainly adversely colored by the events at the end of Edward's reign. Such historians as Michael Prestwich and Seymour Phillips have argued that the public nature of the English royal court would have made it unlikely that any homosexual affairs would have remained discreet; neither the contemporary Church, Edward's father nor his father-in-law appear to have made any adverse comments about Edward's sexual behavior.

A more recent theory, proposed by the historian Pierre Chaplais, suggests that Edward and Gaveston entered into a bond of adoptive brotherhood. Compacts of adoptive brotherhood, in which the participants pledged to support each other in a form of "brotherhood-in-arms", were not unknown between close male friends in the Middle Ages. Many chroniclers described Edward and Gaveston's relationship as one of brotherhood, and one explicitly noted that Edward had taken Gaveston as his adopted brother. Chaplais argues that the pair may have made a formal compact in either 1300 or 1301, and that they would have seen any later promises they made to separate or to leave each other as having been made under duress, and therefore invalid.

                 

Edward II shown receiving the English crown in a contemporary illustration

Edward I mobilized another army for the Scottish campaign in 1307, which Prince Edward was due to join that summer, but the elderly king had been increasingly unwell and died on 7 July at Burgh by Sands. Edward travelled from London immediately after the news reached him, and on 20 July he was proclaimed king. He continued north into Scotland and on 4 August received homage from his Scottish supporters at Dumfries, before abandoning the campaign and returning south. Edward promptly recalled Piers Gaveston, who was then in exile, and made him Earl of Cornwall, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy Margaret de Clare. Edward also arrested his old adversary Bishop Langton, and dismissed him from his post as treasurer. Edward I's body was kept at Waltham Abbey for several months before being taken for burial to Westminster, where Edward erected a simple marble tomb for his father.

In 1308, Edward's marriage to Isabella of France proceeded.  Edward crossed the English Channel to France in January, leaving Gaveston as his customs regni in charge of the kingdom. This arrangement was unusual, and involved unprecedented powers being delegated to Gaveston, backed by a specially engraved Great Seal. Edward probably hoped that the marriage would strengthen his position in Gascony and bring him much needed funds. The final negotiations, however, proved challenging: Edward and Philip IV did not like each other, and the French king drove a hard bargain over the size of Isabella's dower and the details of the administration of Edward's lands in France. As part of the agreement, Edward gave homage to Philip for the Duchy of Aquitaine and agreed to a commission to complete the implementation of the 1303 Treaty of Paris.

The pair were married in Boulogne on 25 January. Edward gave Isabella a psalter as a wedding gift, and her father gave her gifts worth over 21,000 livres and a fragment of the True Cross. The pair returned to England in February, where Edward had ordered Westminster Palace to be lavishly restored in readiness for their coronation and wedding feast, complete with marble tables, forty ovens and a fountain that produced wine and pimento, a spiced medieval drink. After some delays, the ceremony went ahead on 25 February at Westminster Abbey, under the guidance of Henry Woodlock, the Bishop of Winchester.  As part of the coronation, Edward swore to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". It is uncertain what this meant: it might have been intended to force Edward to accept future legislation, it may have been inserted to prevent him from overturning any future vows he might take, or it may have been an attempt by the king to ingratiate himself with the barons. The event was marred by the large crowds of eager spectators who surged into the palace, knocking down a wall and forcing Edward to flee by the back door.Isabella was only 12 years old at the time of her wedding, young by the standards of the period, and Edward probably had sexual relations with mistresses during their first few years together. During this time he fathered an illegitimate son, Adam, who was born possibly as early as 1307. Edward and Isabella's first son, the future Edward III, was born in 1312 amid great celebrations, and three more children followed: John in 1316, Eleanor in 1318 and Joan in 1321.

Isabella of France  

"The She-Wolf of France" 

Isabella of France (1295 – 22 August 1358), sometimes described as the She-Wolf of France (French: Louve de France), was Queen of England as the wife of Edward II, and regent of England from 1327 until 1330. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. Isabella was notable in her lifetime for her diplomatic skills, intelligence, and beauty. She became a "femme fatale" figure in plays and literature over the years, usually portrayed as a beautiful but cruel and manipulative figure.

Isabella of France

15th century depiction by Jean Froissart

Queen consort of England

Tenure

25 January 1308 – 25 January 1327

Coronation

25 February 1308

Born

1295

Paris, France

Died

22 August 1358 (aged 62–63)

Hertford Castle, England

Burial

27 November 1358

Grey Friars' Church at Newgate

Spouse

Edward II of England

(m. 1308; died 1327)

Issue

Edward III of England

John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall

Eleanor, Countess of Guelders

Joan, Queen of Scots

House

Capet

Father

Philip IV of France

Mother

Joan I of Navarre

Isabella arrived in England at the age of 12 during a period of growing conflict between the king and the powerful baronial factions. Her new husband was notorious for the patronage he lavished on his favourite, Piers Gaveston, but the queen supported Edward during these early years, forming a working relationship with Piers and using her relationship with the French monarchy to bolster her own authority and power. After the death of Gaveston at the hands of the barons in 1312, however, Edward later turned to a new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger, and attempted to take revenge on the barons, resulting in the Despenser War and a period of internal repression across England. Isabella could not tolerate Hugh Dispenser and by 1325 her marriage to Edward was at a breaking point.

Traveling to France on a diplomatic mission, Isabella may have begun an affair with Roger Mortimer, and the two may possibly have agreed at this point to depose Edward and oust the Dispenser family. The Queen returned to England with a small mercenary army in 1326, moving rapidly across England. The King's forces deserted him. Isabella deposed Edward, becoming regent on behalf of her son, Edward III. Some believe that Isabella then arranged the murder of Edward II. Isabella and Mortimer's regime began to crumble, partly because of her lavish spending, but also because the Queen successfully, but unpopularly, resolved long-running problems such as the wars with Scotland.

In 1330, aged 18, Edward III forcibly asserted his authority, and Mortimer was executed. Isabella lost her regency and was put under arrest for two years, but afterwards she lived for many years in considerable style; though she did not reside at court, she often visited to see her grandchildren.

Edward I 1239-1307 "Edward I" and "Hammer of the Scots" 

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as The Lord Edward. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259 he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.

Portrait in Westminster Abbey, thought to be of Edward I

King of England 

Reign

20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307

Coronation

19 August 1274

Predecessor

Henry III

Successor

Edward II

Born

17 or 18 June 1239

Palace of Westminster, London, England

Died

7 July 1307 (aged 68)

Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England

Burial

27 October 1307

Westminster Abbey, London, England

Spouse

Eleanor of Castile

(m. 1254; died 1290) 

Margaret of France (m. 1299)

Issue

among others

Henry

Eleanor, Countess of Bar

Joan, Countess of Hertford

Alphonso, Earl of Chester

Margaret, Duchess of Brabant

Mary of Woodstock

Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford

Edward II, King of England

Thomas, Earl of Norfolk

Edmund, Earl of Kent

House

Plantagenet

Father

Henry III of England

Mother

Eleanor of Provence

Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, he subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. Next, his efforts were directed towards the Kingdom of Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland. The war that followed continued after Edward's death, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV of France had confiscated the Duchy of Gascony, which until then had been held in personal union with the Kingdom of England. Although Edward recovered his duchy, this conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland. At the same time there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation, and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. These crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II an ongoing war with Scotland and many financial and political problems.

Edward I was a tall man for his era, at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided on their assessment of Edward: while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Welsh and Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it was over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1657.

Early fourteenth-century manuscript initially showing Edward and his wife Eleanor of Castile. The artist has perhaps tried to depict Edward's blepharoptosis (drooping eyelid), a trait he inherited from his father.

Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. Edward is an Anglo-Saxon name, and was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor, and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint. Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall.  Henry of Almain would remain a close companion of the prince, both through the civil war that followed, and later during the crusade. Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246.

There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251. Nonetheless, he became an imposing man; at 6 ft 2 in he towered over most of his contemporaries, and hence perhaps his epithet "Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins". The historian Michael Prestwich states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman. In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white. [His features were marred by a drooping left eyelid.] His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive."

In 1254 English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year. Although the endowments King Henry made were sizable, they offered Edward little independence. He had already received Gascony as early as 1249, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, had been appointed as royal lieutenant the year before and, consequently, drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province. The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland, and much land in Wales and England, including the earldom of Chester, but King Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, so Edward's power was limited there as well, and the King derived most of the income from those lands

From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards, the most notable of whom was Peter II of Savoy, the Queen's uncle. After 1257, Edward increasingly fell in with the Poitevin or Lusignan faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence. This association was significant, because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, and they would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement. There were tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward and his Lusignan kinsmen, which raised questions about Edward's personal qualities. The next years would be formative on his character.

Edward had shown independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony, in the ongoing conflict between the Soler and Colomb families. This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions. In May 1258, a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King's government – the so-called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans. Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions. The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, however, and gradually Edward's attitude started to change. In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester. Then, on 15 October 1259, he announced that he supported the barons' goals, and their leader, Simon de Montfort.

The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic; Montfort was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony. When the King left for France in November, Edward's behavior turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, causing his father to believe that Edward was considering a coup d'état. When the King returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of the Earl of Cornwall and Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled. Edward was sent abroad, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled to France.

Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters. The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, with only limited results. Around the same time, Montfort, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement. It was at this pivotal moment, as the King seemed ready to resign to the barons' demands, that Edward began to take control of the situation. Whereas he had so far been unpredictable and equivocating, from this point on he remained firmly devoted to protecting his father's royal rights. He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – among them his childhood friend, Henry of Almain, and John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels. Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France, an agreement was made between the two parties. This so-called Mise of Amiens was largely favorable to the royalist side, and laid the seeds for further conflict.

 Second Barons' War

The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the King. The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl, the terms of which Edward later broke. He then captured Northampton from Simon de Montfort the Younger before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands. The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Montfort.

          

Medieval manuscript showing Simon de Montfort's mutilated body at the field of Evesham

Edward remained in captivity until March, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance. Then, on 28 May, he managed to escape his custodians and joined up with Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the King's side.

Montfort's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort. Meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon. Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester. The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons' War, the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field.

Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy. During the summer campaign, though, he began to learn from his mistakes, and acted in a way that gained the respect and admiration of his contemporaries. The war did not end with Montfort's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports. A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth. In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement. Edward, however, was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars; at this point his main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade.

Henry III 1207-1272

Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard Marshal, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.

Henry III

King of England 

Reign

28 October 1216 – 16 November 1272

Coronation

28 October 1216, Gloucester

17 May 1220, Westminster Abbey

Predecessor

John

Successor

Edward I

Regents

See

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1216–1219)

Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (1219–1227)

Born

1 October 1207

Winchester Castle, Hampshire, England

Died

16 November 1272 (aged 65)

Westminster, London

Burial

Westminster Abbey, London

Consort

Eleanor of Provence

Issue

Edward I, King of England

Margaret, Queen of Scots

Beatrice, Countess of Richmond

Edmund Crouchback

Katherine of England

House

Plantagenet

Father

John, King of England

Mother

Isabella, Countess of Angoulême

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles. He married Eleanor of Provence, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint. He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the Statute of Jewry, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry supported his brother Richard of Cornwall in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256, but was unable to place his own son Edmund Crouchback on the throne of Sicily, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant, but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony.

By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half-brothers, the Lusignans, as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford. Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX recognizing him as the rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across England continued.

In 1263, one of the more radical barons, Simon de Montfort, seized power, resulting in the Second Barons' War. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilized an army. The Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264, where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son, Edward, escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels, but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some miracles were declared after his death; however, he was not canonised.

 Angevin Empire and First Barons' War

                 

King John's lands in France, c. 1200

Henry was born in Winchester Castle on 1 October 1207. He was the eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême. Little is known of Henry's early life. He was initially looked after by a wet nurse called Ellen in the south of England, away from John's itinerant court, and probably had close ties to his mother. Henry had four legitimate younger brothers and sisters – Richard, Joan, Isabella and Eleanor – and various older illegitimate siblings. In 1212 his education was entrusted to Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester; under his direction, Henry was given military training by Philip D'Aubigny and taught to ride, probably by Ralph of St Samson.

Little is known about Henry's appearance; he was probably around  (5 ft 6 in) tall, and accounts recorded after his death suggested that he had a strong build, with a drooping eyelid. Henry grew up to occasionally show flashes of a fierce temper, but mostly, as historian David Carpenter describes, he had an "amiable, easy-going, and sympathetic" personality. He was unaffected and honest, and showed his emotions readily, easily being moved to tears by religious sermons.

At the start of the 13th century, the Kingdom of England formed part of the Angevin Empire spreading across Western Europe. Henry was named after his grandfather, Henry II, who had built up this vast network of lands stretching from Scotland and Wales, through England, across the English Channel to the territories of Normandy, Brittany, Maine and Anjou in north-west France, onto Poitou and Gascony in the south-west. For many years the French Crown was relatively weak, enabling first Henry II, and then his sons Richard I and John, to dominate France.

In 1204, John lost Normandy, Brittany, Maine and Anjou to Philip II of France, leaving English power on the continent limited to Gascony and Poitou. John raised taxes to pay for military campaigns to regain his lands, but unrest grew among many of the English barons; John sought new allies by declaring England a papal fiefdom, owing allegiance to the Pope. In 1215, John and the rebel barons negotiated a potential peace treaty, the Magna Carta. The treaty would have limited potential abuses of royal power, demobilized the rebel armies and set up a power-sharing arrangement, but in practice neither side complied with its conditions. John and the loyalist barons firmly repudiated the Magna Carta and the First Barons' War erupted, with the rebel barons aided by Philip's son, the future Louis VIII, who claimed the English throne for himself. The war soon settled into a stalemate, with neither side able to claim victory. The King became ill and died on the night of 18 October, leaving the nine-year-old Henry as his heir.

                 

A 13th-century depiction of Henry III's coronation

Henry was staying safely at Corfe Castle in Dorset with his mother when King John died. On his deathbed, John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom, and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of William Marshal, one of the most famous knights in England. The loyalist leaders decided to crown Henry immediately to reinforce his claim to the throne. William knighted the boy, and Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, the papal legate to England, then oversaw his coronation at Gloucester Cathedral on 28 October. In the absence of Archbishops Stephen Langton of Canterbury and Walter de Gray of York, he was anointed by Sylvester, Bishop of Worcester, and Simon, Bishop of Exeter, and crowned by Peter des Roches. The royal crown had been either lost or sold during the civil war or possibly lost in The Wash, so instead the ceremony used a simple gold corolla belonging to Queen Isabella. Henry later underwent a second coronation at Westminster Abbey on 17 May 1220.

The young King inherited a difficult situation, with over half of England occupied by the rebels and most of his father's continental possessions still in French hands. He had substantial support from Guala who intended to win the civil war for Henry and punish the rebels. Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy, starting with the coronation itself, where Henry gave homage to the Papacy, recognizing Pope Honorius III as his feudal lord. Honorius declared that Henry was his vassal and ward, and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom. As an additional measure, Henry took the cross, declaring himself a crusader and so entitled to special protection from Rome.

Two senior nobles stood out as candidates to head Henry's regency government. The first was William, who, although elderly, was renowned for his personal loyalty and could help support the war with his own men and material. The second was Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, one of the most powerful loyalist barons. William diplomatically waited until both Guala and Ranulf had requested him to take up the post before assuming power. William then appointed des Roches to be Henry's guardian, freeing himself up to lead the military effort.

The Battle of Lincoln in 1217, showing the death of the Count of Perche, by Matthew Paris

The war was not going well for the loyalists and the new regency government considered retreating to Ireland. Prince Louis and the rebel barons were also finding it difficult to make further progress. Despite Louis controlling Westminster Abbey, he could not be crowned king because the English Church and the Papacy backed Henry. John's death had defused some of the rebel concerns, and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country. In a bid to take advantage of this, Henry encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their lands, and reissued a version of the Magna Carta, albeit having first removed some of the clauses, including those unfavorable to the Papacy. The move was not successful and opposition to Henry's new government hardened.

In February, Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements. In his absence, arguments broke out between Louis's French and English followers, and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry's war against the rebels was a religious crusade. This resulted in a series of defections from the rebel movement, and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry's favor. Louis returned at the end of April and reinvigorated his campaign, splitting his forces into two groups, sending one north to besiege Lincoln Castle and keeping one in the south to capture Dover Castle. When he learnt that Louis had divided his army, William Marshal gambled on defeating the rebels in a single battle. William marched north and attacked Lincoln on 20 May; entering through a side gate, he took the city in a sequence of fierce street battles and sacked the buildings. Large numbers of senior rebels were captured, and historian David Carpenter considers the battle to be "one of the most decisive in English history".

          

The Battle of Sandwich in 1217, showing the capture of the French flagship and the execution of Eustace the Monk (r) and the support of the English bishops (l), by Matthew Paris

In the aftermath of Lincoln, the loyalist campaign stalled and only recommenced in late June when the victors had arranged the ransoming of their prisoners. Meanwhile, support for Louis's campaign was diminishing in France and he concluded that the war in England was lost. Louis negotiated terms with Cardinal Guala, under which he would renounce his claim to the English throne; in return, his followers would be given back their lands, any sentences of excommunication would be lifted and Henry's government would promise to enforce the Magna Carta. The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it was too generous towards the rebels, particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion. In the absence of a settlement, Louis remained in London with his remaining forces.

On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of Sandwich, bringing Louis soldiers, siege engines and fresh supplies. Hubert de Burgh, Henry's justice, set sail to intercept it, resulting in the Battle of Sandwich. De Burgh's fleet scattered the French and captured their flagship, commanded by Eustace the Monk, who was promptly executed. When the news reached Louis, he entered into fresh peace negotiations.

Henry, Isabella, Louis, Guala and William came to agreement on the final Treaty of Lambeth, also known as the Treaty of Kingston, on 12 and 13 September. The treaty was similar to the first peace offer, but excluded the rebel clergy, whose lands and appointments remained forfeit. Louis accepted a gift of £6,666 to speed his departure from England, and promised to try to persuade King Philip to return Henry's lands in France. Louis left England as agreed and joined the Albigensian Crusade in the south of France.

ction of the second coronation of Henry in 1220

With the end of the civil war, Henry's government faced the task of rebuilding royal authority across large parts of the country. By the end of 1217, many former rebels were routinely ignoring instructions from the centre, and even Henry's loyalist supporters jealously maintained their independent control over royal castles. Illegally constructed fortifications, called adulterine castles, had sprung up across much of the country. The network of county sheriffs had collapsed, and with it the ability to raise taxes and collect royal revenues. The powerful Welsh Prince Llywelyn posed a major threat in Wales and along the Welsh Marches.

Despite his success in winning the war, William had far less success in restoring royal power following the peace. In part, this was because he was unable to offer significant patronage, despite the expectations from the loyalist barons that they would be rewarded. William attempted to enforce the traditional rights of the Crown to approve marriages and wardships, but with little success. Nonetheless, he was able to reconstitute the royal bench of judges and reopen the royal exchequer. The government issued the Charter of the Forest, which attempted to reform the royal governance of the forests. The regency and Llywelyn came to agreement on the Treaty of Worcester in 1218, but its generous terms – Llywelyn became effectively Henry's justiciar across Wales – underlined the weakness of the English Crown.

                    

Bedford Castle and the execution of the garrison in 1224, (Matthew Paris)

Henry's mother was unable to establish a role for herself in the regency government and she returned to France in 1217, marrying Hugh X de Lusignan, a powerful Poitevin noble. William Marshal fell ill and died in April 1219. The replacement government was formed around a grouping of three senior ministers: Pandulf Verraccio, the replacement Papal legate; Peter des Roches; and Hubert de Burgh, a former justiciar. The three were appointed by a great council of the nobility at Oxford, and their government came to depend on these councils for authority. Hubert and des Roches were political rivals, with Hubert supported by a network of English barons, and des Roches backed by nobles from the royal territories in Poitou and Touraine. Hubert moved decisively against des Roches in 1221, accusing him of treason and removing him as the King's guardian; the Bishop left England for the crusades. Pandulf was recalled by Rome the same year, leaving Hubert as the dominant force in Henry's government.

Initially the new government had little success, but in 1220, the fortunes of Henry's government began to improve. The Pope allowed Henry to be crowned for a second time, using a new set of royal regalia. The fresh coronation was intended to affirm the authority of the King; Henry promised to restore the powers of the Crown, and the barons swore that they would give back the royal castles and pay their debts to the Crown, on the threat of excommunication. Hubert, accompanied by Henry, moved into Wales to suppress Llywelyn in 1223, and in England his forces steadily reclaimed Henry's castles. The effort against the remaining recalcitrant barons came to a head in 1224 with the siege of Bedford Castle, which Henry and Hubert besieged for eight weeks; when it finally fell, almost all of the garrison were executed.

Meanwhile, Louis VIII of France allied himself with Hugh de Lusignan and invaded first Poitou and then Gascony. Henry's army in Poitou was under-resourced and lacked support from the Poitevin barons, many of whom had felt abandoned during the years of Henry's minority; as a result, the province quickly fell. It became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England.  In early 1225 a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which quickly retook Gascony.  In exchange for agreeing to support Henry, the barons demanded that he reissue the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest.  This time the King declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 much more authority than any previous versions. The barons anticipated that the King would act in accordance with these definitive charters, subject to the law and moderated by the advice of the nobility.

John 

John, King of England

 King of England.

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

Tomb effigy of King John, Worcester Cathedral

King of England

Reign

27 May 1199 – 19 October 1216

Coronation

27 May 1199

Predecessor

Richard I

Successor

Henry III

Lord of Ireland

Reign

May 1177 – 19 October 1216

Successor

Henry III

Born

24 December 1166

Beaumont Palace, Oxford

Died

19 October 1216 (aged 49)

Newark Castle, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire

Burial

Worcester Cathedral

Spouse

Isabella, Countess of Gloucester

(m. 1189; ann. 1199)

Isabella, Countess of Angoulême

(m. 1200)

Issue

Detail

Henry III, King of England

Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall

Joan, Queen of Scotland

Isabella, Holy Roman Empress

Eleanor, Countess of Pembroke

Richard FitzRoy

Joan, Lady of Wales

House

Plantagenet/Angevin

Father

Henry II, King of England

Mother

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine

John was the youngest of the four surviving sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was nicknamed John Lackland because he was not expected to inherit significant lands.  He became Henry's favourite child following the failed revolt of 1173–74 by his brothers Henry the Young King, Richard, and Geoffrey against the King. John was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. The war between Henry II and his elder sons ended with the deaths of Henry the Young King and Geoffrey. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother, King Richard, whilst Richard was participating in the Third Crusade, but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199. He came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognize John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.

When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton, and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. He spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. His judicial reforms had a lasting effect on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute he finally settled in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed because of the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis VIII of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarized the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

The Angevin continental empire in the late 12th century

Main: Angevin Empire

John was born on 24 December 1166. His father, Henry II of England, had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard – Anjou, Normandy and England – and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. John's powerful mother Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, and was the former wife of Louis VII of France. The territories of Henry and Eleanor formed the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers. The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.

Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulf de Glanvill, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills.

John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backgammon, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards.He liked music, although not songs. John would become a "connoisseur of jewels", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being "genial, witty, generous and hospitable"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, "biting and gnawing his fingers" in anger.

                 

John's parents, Henry II and Eleanor, holding court

During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. His brother Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst his brother Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed "Lackland" by his father.

Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alias, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance.

In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt.

John had spent the conflict traveling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabella of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabella. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John.

13th-century depiction of Henry II and his children, left to right: William, Henry, Richard, Matilda, Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan and John

Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign.  With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard.[26] Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants.[ John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

The problems amongst John's wider family continued to grow. His elder brother Geoffrey died during a tournament in 1186, leaving a posthumous son, Arthur, and an elder daughter, Eleanor. Geoffrey's death brought John slightly closer to the throne of England The uncertainty about what would happen after Henry's death continued to grow; Richard was keen to join a new crusade and remained concerned that whilst he was away Henry would appoint John his formal successor.

Richard began discussions about a potential alliance with Philip II in Paris during 1187, and the next year Richard gave homage to Philip in exchange for support for a war against Henry. Richard and Philip fought a joint campaign against Henry, and by the summer of 1189 the king made peace, promising Richard the succession. John initially remained loyal to his father, but changed sides once it appeared that Richard would win. Henry died shortly afterwards.

. 

Doss Family of Virginia

Peter Doss 1796-1883 had 7 sons that fought in the Civil War. 2 were killed in action. 2 of the Doss men fought in the Revolutionary War. 2 fought in The War of 1812. 2 in WW I. 

There was 1 Doss that fought in WWII, well he never fired a shot in the war but a Medal of Honor soldier. He was a Medic and his name was Desmond Doss. His personal beliefs as a Seventh-Day Adventist mean he should not ever fire a gun or kill another human. The history and a place in the Pacific Theater called “Hacksaw Ridge” in WWII. Mel Gibson made a movie about him and what he did at Hacksaw Ridge. Another movie about Desmond Doss was “Conscientious Objector”. I have seen both movies a few times and they're worth watching every time I do. 

He got several Metal for his time on Hacksaw Ridge, Mura, Okinawa & Ryukyu Islands

Medal of Honor

2-Bronze Star

3-Purple Heart

Army Good Conduct

American Campaign 

Asiatic Pacific Campaign 

World War II Victory 

Philippine Liberation

Army Presidential Unit Citation

Combat Medical Badge

Meritorious Unit Commendation

(Read more about Desmond Doss in WWII chapter